Radiation Exposure And Tohoku Earthquake In Japan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2070 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? On March 11, 2001, an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale hit Tohoku, Japan, the biggest earthquake in the history of the country. Along with over 15,000 deaths, the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami caused significant damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear plants (Oskin, 2017). The radiation leaks from the damaged plants led to the immediate evacuation of residents within 20 km of the area and those within 20-30 km were highly suggested to stay inside or evacuate as soon as possible (Zare Afrouz, 2012). It was also thought that there was substantial radioactive deposits in the Pacific Ocean. This accident was classified as a Level 7 in the International Nuclear Event Scale, which is defined by a significant release of radioactivity and widespread negative health outcomes for the people in the surrounding area. The only other event that has been classified as a Level 7 is the Chernobyl Power Plant explosion in 1986, demonstrating the devastating magnitude of this accident (Mahr, 2011). The biggest hazard from this nuclear accident was radiation exposure, specifically iodine being the most prevalent. Increased exposure to radioactive iodine is particularly dangerous because it is in known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer (Drew, Swirsky, Tarrago, 2002). The biggest stakeholders from this accident were the residents that were in the surrounding area. The people who were closest to the power plants had the most amount of radiation exposure, especially the young children. Furthermo re, the accident had an effect on the whole Japanese population due to the risk that sources of food were contaminated from the radioactive meltdown. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the owner of the Daiichi nuclear plants, was responsible for minimizing the spread of radioactivity from the power plants. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Radiation Exposure And Tohoku Earthquake In Japan" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source of the radioactivity leak resulted from the tsunamis pressure disabling the cooling devices of the nuclear reactors. The generators were then unable to cool down, leading to nuclear meltdowns and a substantial amount of being radioactivity released (Mimura, Yasuhara, Kawagoe, Yokoki, Kazama, 2011). The most common way people were exposed to the radioactive particles was through inhalation. The amount of radioactive iodine inhalation was dependent on how long the residents in the surrounding area were exposed to outside air and the intensity of the activities they were performing outside (Akiba, 2012). The other major pathway for the radioactive iodine is through ingestion. Ingestion of food from an area with high levels of radioactivity can be a major route of exposure. Specifically, looking at milk and dairy intake is crucial because that is the primary source of thyroid ingestion, especially for children (Steinhauser, Ch?- vez-Ortega, Vahlb ruch, 2017). Other sources of ingestion can include drinking tap water and consuming fish, such as contaminated tuna (Fisher et al., 2013). This contamination could potentially affect the whole Japanese population because fish is such a crucial component of their diet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The populations that were most vulnerable to the exposure were the residents living closest to the nuclear plant and children. The people closest to the powerplant would naturally have the highest dose of exposure through inhalation. Even though the people within 20km did evacuate, they were still initially exposed to the nuclear meltdown. Children are also more vulnerable than adults because they have a lower body weight, so the proportion of exposure in their body is higher. When measured, newborns had 16 times higher dose of iodine in their body than adults even when they were exposed to the same amount of radioactive iodine (Drew, Swirsky, Tarrago, 2002). Children are also more vulnerable because their body and brain are still developing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the reference level of radiation exposure is 500-1000 mSv for those who were working at the site of the nuclear power plant meltdown without it having detrimental effects (Hasegawa et al., 2015). Specifically for thyroid radiation, there is increased risk of thyroid cancer at exposure doses above 100 mSv (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Sievert (Sv) is the SI unit for the equivalent radiation dose that equals 1 J/kg (Baes, n.d.). Another commonly used unit is Gray (Gy) which is the SI unit for radiation dose that equals absorbed energy/tissue mass (Baes, n.d.). Besides killing the cells, the radiation can also create mutations that cause the cells to start diving uncontrollably, making them carcinogenic. Iodine is normally absorbed by the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. Because of this, radioactive iodine is likely to accumulate in the thyroid increasing the risk for thyroid cancer (Hasegawa et al., 2015).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source of understanding the potential effects of the Fukushima radiation mainly come from epidemiological studies based on the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Due to an extreme power surge, the nuclear reactors in Chernobyl exploded, causing them to burn for 10 days straight and led to more than 115,000 people being evacuated (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences, n.d.). Through longitudinal cohort studies of this population, they were able to determine that children affected by the radiation had a higher incidence of thyroid cancer (Cardis et al., 2006). The odds of getting cancer among children who had high radiation exposure (more than 1Gy) was 5 times greater than the odds of getting cancer among children who had low radiation exposure (less than 0.3Gy) (Cardis Hatch, 2011). Another longitudinal cohort study determined that even after two decades, there was a clear linear dose-response relationship of 1.91 Excess Relative Risk/Gy, demonstrating fo r every gray of radioactive iodine absorbed, one had 1.91 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer (Brenner et al., 2011). These sources demonstrate the adverse risk of cancer associated with increased radioactive iodine exposure. I did not find sufficient animal studies to support this data, but believe it is because there is already a vast amount of strong epidemiological data from the Chernobyl accident, as well as from the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings to demonstrate the relationship between radioactive iodine and the incidence of thyroid cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary types of studies that were done and are still being done after the Fukushima nuclear plant accident are longitudinal cohort studies similar to those done after the Chernobyl accident with their exposure of interest being radioactive iodine and their outcome of interest being the incidence of thyroid cancer. Their population of interest is the residents that were living in the Fukushima prefecture at the time of the earthquake and nuclear accident. I think that this type of study is appropriate because it is important to note the changes in the radiation levels in their body as time goes on. Furthermore, health effects from the radiation, such as incidence of cancer, cannot be detected right away; it could take years to decades as they saw from the Chernobyl incident. This brings up the downsides to longitudinal cohort studies. Studying a set population for many years is very expensive, especially when ensuring a low dropout rate. Furthermore, it was very difficult to measure the thyroid radiation levels for many people using the thyroid monitor because of the flooding and evacuation (Hasegawa et al., 2015). As I mentioned above, the populations that were most affected by this nuclear accident were the residents, especially the children, that were near the site of the nuclear plant. TEPCO workers were also affected because they had to go back to the nuclear plants to prevent further radiation damage. Furthermore, firefighters and rescue teams that went into the areas of highest exposure to help residents evacuate may have had an increased amount of radiation exposure. Initial studies have shown that the exposure doses of radioactive iodine among the Fukushima population has been less than a few mSv, and has certainly been lower than the exposure dose of those affected by the Chernobyl accident (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Further longitudinal studies have not seen a detectable increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer among the populations that lived closest to the nuclear plant (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). However, it is still crucial to continue the studies, especially in children who were exposed because they are the most vulnerable and can still develop late onset thyroid cancer (Harada et al., 2014). Also, it is equally important to think about the mental health effects due to this accident. There is a lot of speculation with the residents that the Japanese government is not telling them the full scope of the effects of the radiation, which creates excess stress on top of many of their houses being destroyed and families being separated by the earthquake and nuclear plant (Akiba, 2012). This accident was definitely unexpected. It was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan and the subsequent tsunami caused additional damage. Since it was mostly an unavoidable situation, I believe the best way to carry on is to ensure that the risk for the people who were exposed are minimized. Sometimes iodine tablets are recommended. However, the Japanese have a higher intake of iodine consumption than most populations due to their high intake of seaweed. This should replace the radioactive iodine found in their thyroid (Hasegawa et al., 2015). To further minimize the spread of the radiation, there was a restriction of food distribution from areas that were affected by the radiation. Throughout the nation, there was a daily radiation check on school lunches to ensure they were not contaminated (Hasegawa et al., 2015). There has been continued radiation monitoring and surveys being done in the affected areas to get a comprehensive understanding of the possible health effects (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Even in 2018, there is still a big push to continue donations to help with the rebuilding of communities affected by the earthquake and radiation exposure. The government is also trying to get the public more informed by starting radiation education in Japanese high schools (Tsubokura, Kitamura, Yoshida, 2018). Some policies have been revised since this accident, including Japans Basic Energy Plan. Last updated in 2018, this plan is trying to get Japan to move towards renewable energy sources, hopefully decreasing the number of nuclear plants available so that an accident of this magnitude cannot happen again (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan World Nuclear News, 2018). The plan from the Convention of Nuclear Safety was updated in 2014 to include consequences of the Fukushima accident to make sure that other countries can also prevent nuclear accidents in the future (Convention on Nuclear Safety, 2017) . However, nuclear power is still the top energy source in Japan to this day making up 20-22% of the generation of electricity (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan World Nuclear News, 2018). This demonstrates that there is still a long way to go to push policy so that nuclear power plants can be replaced with safer energy sources, so an accident like this will not happen again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the epidemiological studies done in Fukushima so far has not found a direct effect of radioactive iodine exposure to thyroid cancer, I still believe that the continuous check on the citizens on their radiation dose and health effects will be beneficial to have a more thorough understanding of the potential adverse effects of different amounts of radiation dosage (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Incidence of thyroid cancer, the main health concern for increased radioactive iodine exposure, is not something that appears the next day. As they saw in Chernobyl, it can take years to decades to see the effects and even still they do not know if the full scope of the consequences has been captured. Food monitoring done in public schools is a great way to mitigate the risks, especially since children are the most vulnerable population. I believe that educating the children about the radiation exposure is also critical as well. Hopeful ly with a population more educated on the adverse effects of radiation, more policy can be implemented to transition the country away from nuclear power sources. I think there also needs to be a push towards providing the residents with mental health help. From my experience in Japan, I know that mental health is not a very open topic for discussion and Im sure many people have had trouble reaching out for help. I think that there should definitely be more opportunities within the communities for those seeking mental health advice. I also believe the Japanese government need to be more transparent about the situation with the affected population. The Fukushima residents are the ones that have to live with the repercussions of the accident, so the government should inform them and provide aid in any way possible.

Marketing Plan for Smart Phone - 3186 Words

Harsh Japra (A-21) Jaspreet Kaur (A-22) Karan Chauhan (A-23) Sanya Kharbanda (A-24) Anish Kirolikar (A-25) Marketing Plan for Stylister Smartphones 2012-2013 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 3 Customers 3 Competitors 3 Company 5 Context 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 5 Strengths 5 Weaknesses 5 Opportunities 5 Threats 6 OBJECTIVES 6 MARKETING STRATEGY 7 MARKET SEGMENTATION 7 TARGET MARKET 7 POSITIONING 8 MARKETING MIX 8 Product 8 Price 10 Pricing and Profit Margins 10 Place 11 Promotion 13 Marketing Budget 13 REVIEW AND CONTROL 14 MARKETING ORGANIZATION 14 CONTINGENCY PLAN 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HCL, a 35 year old enterprise, founded in 1976, is one of†¦show more content†¦While wireless penetration in urban areas has increased significantly over the last few years, rural and semi-urban areas continue to be under-penetrated. The medium segment is likely to be the fastest growing with 240 million handsets in 2014 (Source: Analysys Mason). 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Comparison between Mill versus Smith, Mill versus Malthus and Mill versus Ricardo free essay sample

Smith, Malthus, Ricardo and Mill are famous economists in United Kingdom during eighteenth century and nineteenth century. The heritage and development of classical economics were well demonstrated through their concepts. Mill was born in 1806, as a junior, many of his viewpoints based on the theories by his predecessors: Smith, Malthus and Ricardo. However, there are still some differences between their perspectives. This essay will research on international trade and government. In the international trade, Mill put forward the principle of reciprocal demand. The theory gave an explanation on trade gains and the importance of demand in exchange rate determination. The main point is whether the trade between two countries will happen or not depends on the relative demand intensity of commodities among two or more than two trading countries. It is generated by Ricardo’s comparative advantage concepts that a country is necessary to take part in free trade even in its absolute predominance of two productions, when comparing with other countries, as long as a country’s comparative costs differentiate those of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison between Mill versus Smith, Mill versus Malthus and Mill versus Ricardo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This distinction gives comparative advantage to every country; they will gain profits from exchanging. It is a simple example showing in the table below. riceWheatExchange rate China10(t)15(t)1:1.5 America10(t)20(t)1:2 In china, 10 tons of rice can exchange 15 tons of wheat, however, in America it equals to 20 tons of wheat. Wheat is cheaper in America. In the other hand, 15 tons of wheat can swap 10 tons of rice in china while 20 tons of wheat is equal to 10 tons of rice. Rice is cheaper in China. These two countries both have comparative advantages in trading although china is disadvantaged in rice and wheat production. As a result, China exports rice when imports wheat and America exports wheat while imports rice. This exchange will happen when the exchange rate is between 1/1.5 and 1/2; if not there will be the situation that one country has lost the full profits meanwhile another country has gained the profit totally. This kind of exchange will not happen in reality. Rate of exchanges between the exportable and importable goods is determined by relative demand intensity. If one country’s demand of the production is much more than the other, the  gains from trade is much less. Malthus developed Mill’s theory further in geometric approach. The slope of OA is the exchange rate of domestic China: 1/1.5; the slope of OB is the exchange rate of domestic America: 1/2. The exchange rate of international trade should between them. Smith is the early leaders of west international trade theory; he presented theory of absolute cost as the source of Mill’s thought. The absolute advantage existed when the countries differs labor productivities in producing the same merchandise, therefore formed the varieties of absolute costs, mainly because of nature and society differences. In the issue, a country will join the international trade is resulted from the absolute advantage when the country is produce a specific goods. However, the comparative advantage enlarged the range of trade. A country can benefit from another country so long as it has a relative advantage in production. Mill used the principle of reciprocal demand in profit distribution.

Architecture for Chaux Salt Works - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theArchitecture for Chaux Salt Works. Answer: Gender notions can be viewed from the perspective of the history of modern architecture. Modern designs have to take into consideration human behavior(Kostof 1991). Through intensive analysis of various forms of architecture in history, the perception of society towards issues of gender equality can be observed. In this essay, we shall try to examine different case studies in the history of modern architecture with a view of establishing their impact on the issues of gender. For the purpose of this essay, I shall consider two case studies i.e. Chaux Salt Works, Claude Ledoux 1779 and Kew Lunatic Asylum, 1871 and other relevant material. Each case study shall be discussed and analysed extensively so as to decide on how it has reflected, reinforced or debased notions of gender. The Chaux salt works (1779), provides a modern concept in the architecture of buildings. The architect, Claudes-Nicolas Leduox conceptualized a design in which structures are arranged based on rational geometry. This building is designed to solve the scarcity that France was experiencing in the 18th Century. Out of his own volition, Ledoux designs his first concept of the salt works building which is brilliant, innovative and a breakaway from the traditional concepts. The royalty rejected the concept for being grandiose and palace-like. It was an unusual approach to the construction of factories. Modern technology may be good but it may be prone to failure if not properly conceptualized as seen in the film Modern Times(Chaplin 1936). In his second concept, Ledoux designs a complex building which is adopted and constructed. Kew Lunatic Asylum, 1871 is designed by two architects Vivian and Frederick K with an aim of providing a suitable facility for lunatics and idiots in Victoria Australia. The building is designed to be beautiful and elegant so as to provide a wonderful asylum for lunatics hence depicting Melbourne as a benevolent city. The building should be located on a site that provides that provides comfort and happiness for the lunatics(Willsmere n.d.). The building is also constructed to house inmates of al sexes. The architect reinforces the notion that all genders are equal through the design of ward of similar quality for either gender at a time when discrimination against women is rife. One of its most unique feature is its use of Ha-Ha walls that deter the patients from escaping. The rosy gardens and well manicured lawns provide an good environment for mental health patients to deal with their suffering and mental anguish. The roof of the building resembles the French-style roofing(Webb 201 6). Both the Chaux Salt works and the Kew Lunatic asylum are designed based on different architectural background but share similar concepts. The Chaux Salt works is designed to be a beautiful and modern factory that stumps the advancement of France in Europe. The Kew Lunatic on the other hand is designed so as to be a beautiful and elegant structure that depicts the benevolence and civility of the city of Melbourne. According to the House and Homes journal, stresses that architects and their clients perception of architectural expressions is not as unique individualistic statement, but as a means of articulating the values and identities of communities(Jarzombek 1991). This implies that the values of a community can be expressed by use of architecture. The Chaux Salt works may be seen to reinforce gender bias as the role and input of women in its design and construction remains unclear. On the contrary, the concept of gender bias is debased in the Kew Lunatic asylum design. The inclusio n of a female architect as well as a male architect coupled with equally well designed wards for both sexes debases the negative gender notions. Architecture plays a fundamental role in shaping the ideas, perceptions and attitudes of society. As seen above, it can be used to reinforce or debase cultural attitude on issues of gender. The Frankfurt Kitchen designed by Margarete Schtte-Lihotzky features a compact kitchen that would Rationalize womens work. This concept portrays cooking as purely a womans work hence reinforcing the notion that a womans role is limited to working in the Kitchen. Both Both the Chaux Salt works and the Kew Lunatic asylum use architectural concepts to create or reinforce a notion in society. The architects of the Kew Lunatic facility use their skills to debase the negative gender notions that exist in the 19th and 20th Centuries. This is the period in which women are segregated and marginalized in society. The poverty of modern day architecture stems from the atrophy of sensuality. Everything is dominated by reason in order to create amazement without proper research. The art of the engineer is not e nough if it is not guided by the primitive needs of men(Adam 2009). The concept of wholeness of life can be sufficiently incorporated in the design of buildings. This implies that all aspects of the environment can be unified by an architect to (Bruce 2013)provide a structure suitable for human habitation. A fundamental principle of design is that nothing can be used or it exists only by itself. There is a sense of relationship between the various elements of design This concept of design is prominent in the 19th Century and leads to the construction of potent building. In this essay, I shall consider two cases of building architecture with an aim of drawing contrast or similarity with respect to total design. The local case that will be considered is Featherston House, Robin Boyd, 1969 while the international case will be Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1934. Total design creates an environment of spectacular effect. Robin Boyd designs the Featherston House drawing inspiration from a warehouse. According to Boyd, Individual artistic expression can be seen through the design of a house(McPhilips n.d.) The interior design of the building features an indoor garden and floating platforms above the garden giving it a natural feel. The interior reflects the environment. Instead of the normal roofing material, he opts for a glass roof and large glass so as to allow the natural light to illuminate the interior(Wakely 2006). The architect concentrates on nature as a concept of his architectural design. The location of the building merges smoothly with the interior design of the structure. Boyd attempts to illustrate that the concept of total design can be married with contemporary design. Boyd also incorporated natural ventilation in the design as a form of air conditioning. He proves that architectural design can merged with nature to produce a modern building. Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Fallingwater building in 1935 in Pennsylvania. The location of the building over a waterfall and surrounded by tall trees gives it spectacular views(Fallingwater n.d.). The building stands as a masterpiece of architecture integrating a brilliant design and nature. Wrights adoration for Japanese style of architecture is visible as he incorporates harmony between man and nature throughout the entire structure. The fireplace hearth incorporates boulders from the surrounding. The organic design connects seamlessly with the surrounding natural environment hence reinforcing the concept of total design. All the elements of the building perfectly even to the small details fora example no metal frames are used at the point where the glass and stone meet. The architect understands that people are part of nature, therefore, a design that incorporates nature will conform to what we are(part of nature)(Curtis 1983). Both Featherstone House and falling water building are great examples of how total design concepts can be used to come up with structures that are remarkably beautiful and sound. These buildings concentrate on nature as the basic from which the design of the entire building arises. The Fallingwater buildings incorporates material from the surrounding environment as part of the material used for the interior design of the building providing a blend between the interior and exterior of the building. The entire house is in complete harmony with the environment. The sound of running water can be heard clearly from the comfort of the house and the terraces are in resemblance with the surrounding rock formation. Wright was influenced by concepts from Japanese Architecture. On the contrary, Boyd relied on his own creativity to merge his concepts with nature. He concept stems from the idea of a warehouse and a loft. He was not for the idea of compartmentalization of space but rather how spac e would unfold. This presents a contrast from Wrights approach. At a period where total design is not very common, both architects set out standards such that the resulting buildings would be as attractive and impressive as buildings borne from modern architecture. The architects prove that the concept of total design is still relevant and applicable even in the 21st Century. Both architects draw inspiration from nature and bring harmony throughout the building. The concept of total design unifies all aspects of design. It ensure complete harmony between all the elements of a building for example the floor, roof, windows furniture, the exterior and the surrounding environment(Marcus 2014). All the features are in perfect synchrony with the environment. Total design has its challenges. It is an expensive concept hence discourages many from pursuing it. This is because most often than not it does not employ the use standardized materials together with the methods. Also, part of the reason that it has become less common in the 21st Century is becaus e designers have abandoned it(Woods 2009). Very few architects are enthusiastic on utilizing the concepts of total design visa-vis the modern designs. Bibliography Essay 1 Adam, Peter. 2009. Eileen Gray: Her Life and Work. Thames and Hudson Ltd. "Modern Times'. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. Produced by Charles Chaplin Productions. Jarzombek, Mark. 1991. ""Good-Life Modernism" And Beyond." The Cornell Journal of Architecture 4: 78. Kostof, Spiro. 1991. The City Shaped: UrbanPatterns and Meanings Through History. London: ThamesHudson Ltd. Webb, Carolyn. 2016. Domain. June 28. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.domain.com.au/news/open-house-melbourne-former-kew-asylum-opens-doors-for-rare-public-viewing-20160628-gptqoy/. n.d. Willsmere. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.willsmere.net/about-willsmere/willsmere-history. Essay 2 Bruce, Gordon. 2013. Architecture Boston. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.architects.org/architectureboston/articles/total-theory-design. Curtis, William J.R. 1983. Modern Architecture Sice 1900. Eaglewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall. n.d. Fallingwater. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/designing-fallingwater/. Marcus, George H. 2014. Total Design: Architecture And Interiors of Iconic Modern Houses. New York: Rizzoli. McPhilips, Richard. n.d. Open Journal. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://openjournal.com.au/boyd-living/. Featherstone House. Directed by Mark Wakely. Produced by ABC. Woods, Lebbeus. 2009. Lebbeus Woods. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/06/13/total-design/.