Radiation Exposure And Tohoku Earthquake In Japan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2070 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? On March 11, 2001, an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale hit Tohoku, Japan, the biggest earthquake in the history of the country. Along with over 15,000 deaths, the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami caused significant damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear plants (Oskin, 2017). The radiation leaks from the damaged plants led to the immediate evacuation of residents within 20 km of the area and those within 20-30 km were highly suggested to stay inside or evacuate as soon as possible (Zare Afrouz, 2012). It was also thought that there was substantial radioactive deposits in the Pacific Ocean. This accident was classified as a Level 7 in the International Nuclear Event Scale, which is defined by a significant release of radioactivity and widespread negative health outcomes for the people in the surrounding area. The only other event that has been classified as a Level 7 is the Chernobyl Power Plant explosion in 1986, demonstrating the devastating magnitude of this accident (Mahr, 2011). The biggest hazard from this nuclear accident was radiation exposure, specifically iodine being the most prevalent. Increased exposure to radioactive iodine is particularly dangerous because it is in known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer (Drew, Swirsky, Tarrago, 2002). The biggest stakeholders from this accident were the residents that were in the surrounding area. The people who were closest to the power plants had the most amount of radiation exposure, especially the young children. Furthermo re, the accident had an effect on the whole Japanese population due to the risk that sources of food were contaminated from the radioactive meltdown. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the owner of the Daiichi nuclear plants, was responsible for minimizing the spread of radioactivity from the power plants. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Radiation Exposure And Tohoku Earthquake In Japan" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source of the radioactivity leak resulted from the tsunamis pressure disabling the cooling devices of the nuclear reactors. The generators were then unable to cool down, leading to nuclear meltdowns and a substantial amount of being radioactivity released (Mimura, Yasuhara, Kawagoe, Yokoki, Kazama, 2011). The most common way people were exposed to the radioactive particles was through inhalation. The amount of radioactive iodine inhalation was dependent on how long the residents in the surrounding area were exposed to outside air and the intensity of the activities they were performing outside (Akiba, 2012). The other major pathway for the radioactive iodine is through ingestion. Ingestion of food from an area with high levels of radioactivity can be a major route of exposure. Specifically, looking at milk and dairy intake is crucial because that is the primary source of thyroid ingestion, especially for children (Steinhauser, Ch?- vez-Ortega, Vahlb ruch, 2017). Other sources of ingestion can include drinking tap water and consuming fish, such as contaminated tuna (Fisher et al., 2013). This contamination could potentially affect the whole Japanese population because fish is such a crucial component of their diet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The populations that were most vulnerable to the exposure were the residents living closest to the nuclear plant and children. The people closest to the powerplant would naturally have the highest dose of exposure through inhalation. Even though the people within 20km did evacuate, they were still initially exposed to the nuclear meltdown. Children are also more vulnerable than adults because they have a lower body weight, so the proportion of exposure in their body is higher. When measured, newborns had 16 times higher dose of iodine in their body than adults even when they were exposed to the same amount of radioactive iodine (Drew, Swirsky, Tarrago, 2002). Children are also more vulnerable because their body and brain are still developing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the reference level of radiation exposure is 500-1000 mSv for those who were working at the site of the nuclear power plant meltdown without it having detrimental effects (Hasegawa et al., 2015). Specifically for thyroid radiation, there is increased risk of thyroid cancer at exposure doses above 100 mSv (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Sievert (Sv) is the SI unit for the equivalent radiation dose that equals 1 J/kg (Baes, n.d.). Another commonly used unit is Gray (Gy) which is the SI unit for radiation dose that equals absorbed energy/tissue mass (Baes, n.d.). Besides killing the cells, the radiation can also create mutations that cause the cells to start diving uncontrollably, making them carcinogenic. Iodine is normally absorbed by the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. Because of this, radioactive iodine is likely to accumulate in the thyroid increasing the risk for thyroid cancer (Hasegawa et al., 2015).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The source of understanding the potential effects of the Fukushima radiation mainly come from epidemiological studies based on the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Due to an extreme power surge, the nuclear reactors in Chernobyl exploded, causing them to burn for 10 days straight and led to more than 115,000 people being evacuated (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences, n.d.). Through longitudinal cohort studies of this population, they were able to determine that children affected by the radiation had a higher incidence of thyroid cancer (Cardis et al., 2006). The odds of getting cancer among children who had high radiation exposure (more than 1Gy) was 5 times greater than the odds of getting cancer among children who had low radiation exposure (less than 0.3Gy) (Cardis Hatch, 2011). Another longitudinal cohort study determined that even after two decades, there was a clear linear dose-response relationship of 1.91 Excess Relative Risk/Gy, demonstrating fo r every gray of radioactive iodine absorbed, one had 1.91 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer (Brenner et al., 2011). These sources demonstrate the adverse risk of cancer associated with increased radioactive iodine exposure. I did not find sufficient animal studies to support this data, but believe it is because there is already a vast amount of strong epidemiological data from the Chernobyl accident, as well as from the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings to demonstrate the relationship between radioactive iodine and the incidence of thyroid cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary types of studies that were done and are still being done after the Fukushima nuclear plant accident are longitudinal cohort studies similar to those done after the Chernobyl accident with their exposure of interest being radioactive iodine and their outcome of interest being the incidence of thyroid cancer. Their population of interest is the residents that were living in the Fukushima prefecture at the time of the earthquake and nuclear accident. I think that this type of study is appropriate because it is important to note the changes in the radiation levels in their body as time goes on. Furthermore, health effects from the radiation, such as incidence of cancer, cannot be detected right away; it could take years to decades as they saw from the Chernobyl incident. This brings up the downsides to longitudinal cohort studies. Studying a set population for many years is very expensive, especially when ensuring a low dropout rate. Furthermore, it was very difficult to measure the thyroid radiation levels for many people using the thyroid monitor because of the flooding and evacuation (Hasegawa et al., 2015). As I mentioned above, the populations that were most affected by this nuclear accident were the residents, especially the children, that were near the site of the nuclear plant. TEPCO workers were also affected because they had to go back to the nuclear plants to prevent further radiation damage. Furthermore, firefighters and rescue teams that went into the areas of highest exposure to help residents evacuate may have had an increased amount of radiation exposure. Initial studies have shown that the exposure doses of radioactive iodine among the Fukushima population has been less than a few mSv, and has certainly been lower than the exposure dose of those affected by the Chernobyl accident (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Further longitudinal studies have not seen a detectable increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer among the populations that lived closest to the nuclear plant (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). However, it is still crucial to continue the studies, especially in children who were exposed because they are the most vulnerable and can still develop late onset thyroid cancer (Harada et al., 2014). Also, it is equally important to think about the mental health effects due to this accident. There is a lot of speculation with the residents that the Japanese government is not telling them the full scope of the effects of the radiation, which creates excess stress on top of many of their houses being destroyed and families being separated by the earthquake and nuclear plant (Akiba, 2012). This accident was definitely unexpected. It was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan and the subsequent tsunami caused additional damage. Since it was mostly an unavoidable situation, I believe the best way to carry on is to ensure that the risk for the people who were exposed are minimized. Sometimes iodine tablets are recommended. However, the Japanese have a higher intake of iodine consumption than most populations due to their high intake of seaweed. This should replace the radioactive iodine found in their thyroid (Hasegawa et al., 2015). To further minimize the spread of the radiation, there was a restriction of food distribution from areas that were affected by the radiation. Throughout the nation, there was a daily radiation check on school lunches to ensure they were not contaminated (Hasegawa et al., 2015). There has been continued radiation monitoring and surveys being done in the affected areas to get a comprehensive understanding of the possible health effects (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Even in 2018, there is still a big push to continue donations to help with the rebuilding of communities affected by the earthquake and radiation exposure. The government is also trying to get the public more informed by starting radiation education in Japanese high schools (Tsubokura, Kitamura, Yoshida, 2018). Some policies have been revised since this accident, including Japans Basic Energy Plan. Last updated in 2018, this plan is trying to get Japan to move towards renewable energy sources, hopefully decreasing the number of nuclear plants available so that an accident of this magnitude cannot happen again (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan World Nuclear News, 2018). The plan from the Convention of Nuclear Safety was updated in 2014 to include consequences of the Fukushima accident to make sure that other countries can also prevent nuclear accidents in the future (Convention on Nuclear Safety, 2017) . However, nuclear power is still the top energy source in Japan to this day making up 20-22% of the generation of electricity (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan World Nuclear News, 2018). This demonstrates that there is still a long way to go to push policy so that nuclear power plants can be replaced with safer energy sources, so an accident like this will not happen again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the epidemiological studies done in Fukushima so far has not found a direct effect of radioactive iodine exposure to thyroid cancer, I still believe that the continuous check on the citizens on their radiation dose and health effects will be beneficial to have a more thorough understanding of the potential adverse effects of different amounts of radiation dosage (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, Saenko, 2018). Incidence of thyroid cancer, the main health concern for increased radioactive iodine exposure, is not something that appears the next day. As they saw in Chernobyl, it can take years to decades to see the effects and even still they do not know if the full scope of the consequences has been captured. Food monitoring done in public schools is a great way to mitigate the risks, especially since children are the most vulnerable population. I believe that educating the children about the radiation exposure is also critical as well. Hopeful ly with a population more educated on the adverse effects of radiation, more policy can be implemented to transition the country away from nuclear power sources. I think there also needs to be a push towards providing the residents with mental health help. From my experience in Japan, I know that mental health is not a very open topic for discussion and Im sure many people have had trouble reaching out for help. I think that there should definitely be more opportunities within the communities for those seeking mental health advice. I also believe the Japanese government need to be more transparent about the situation with the affected population. The Fukushima residents are the ones that have to live with the repercussions of the accident, so the government should inform them and provide aid in any way possible.

Marketing Plan for Smart Phone - 3186 Words

Harsh Japra (A-21) Jaspreet Kaur (A-22) Karan Chauhan (A-23) Sanya Kharbanda (A-24) Anish Kirolikar (A-25) Marketing Plan for Stylister Smartphones 2012-2013 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 3 Customers 3 Competitors 3 Company 5 Context 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 5 Strengths 5 Weaknesses 5 Opportunities 5 Threats 6 OBJECTIVES 6 MARKETING STRATEGY 7 MARKET SEGMENTATION 7 TARGET MARKET 7 POSITIONING 8 MARKETING MIX 8 Product 8 Price 10 Pricing and Profit Margins 10 Place 11 Promotion 13 Marketing Budget 13 REVIEW AND CONTROL 14 MARKETING ORGANIZATION 14 CONTINGENCY PLAN 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HCL, a 35 year old enterprise, founded in 1976, is one of†¦show more content†¦While wireless penetration in urban areas has increased significantly over the last few years, rural and semi-urban areas continue to be under-penetrated. The medium segment is likely to be the fastest growing with 240 million handsets in 2014 (Source: Analysys Mason). 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Comparison between Mill versus Smith, Mill versus Malthus and Mill versus Ricardo free essay sample

Smith, Malthus, Ricardo and Mill are famous economists in United Kingdom during eighteenth century and nineteenth century. The heritage and development of classical economics were well demonstrated through their concepts. Mill was born in 1806, as a junior, many of his viewpoints based on the theories by his predecessors: Smith, Malthus and Ricardo. However, there are still some differences between their perspectives. This essay will research on international trade and government. In the international trade, Mill put forward the principle of reciprocal demand. The theory gave an explanation on trade gains and the importance of demand in exchange rate determination. The main point is whether the trade between two countries will happen or not depends on the relative demand intensity of commodities among two or more than two trading countries. It is generated by Ricardo’s comparative advantage concepts that a country is necessary to take part in free trade even in its absolute predominance of two productions, when comparing with other countries, as long as a country’s comparative costs differentiate those of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison between Mill versus Smith, Mill versus Malthus and Mill versus Ricardo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This distinction gives comparative advantage to every country; they will gain profits from exchanging. It is a simple example showing in the table below. riceWheatExchange rate China10(t)15(t)1:1.5 America10(t)20(t)1:2 In china, 10 tons of rice can exchange 15 tons of wheat, however, in America it equals to 20 tons of wheat. Wheat is cheaper in America. In the other hand, 15 tons of wheat can swap 10 tons of rice in china while 20 tons of wheat is equal to 10 tons of rice. Rice is cheaper in China. These two countries both have comparative advantages in trading although china is disadvantaged in rice and wheat production. As a result, China exports rice when imports wheat and America exports wheat while imports rice. This exchange will happen when the exchange rate is between 1/1.5 and 1/2; if not there will be the situation that one country has lost the full profits meanwhile another country has gained the profit totally. This kind of exchange will not happen in reality. Rate of exchanges between the exportable and importable goods is determined by relative demand intensity. If one country’s demand of the production is much more than the other, the  gains from trade is much less. Malthus developed Mill’s theory further in geometric approach. The slope of OA is the exchange rate of domestic China: 1/1.5; the slope of OB is the exchange rate of domestic America: 1/2. The exchange rate of international trade should between them. Smith is the early leaders of west international trade theory; he presented theory of absolute cost as the source of Mill’s thought. The absolute advantage existed when the countries differs labor productivities in producing the same merchandise, therefore formed the varieties of absolute costs, mainly because of nature and society differences. In the issue, a country will join the international trade is resulted from the absolute advantage when the country is produce a specific goods. However, the comparative advantage enlarged the range of trade. A country can benefit from another country so long as it has a relative advantage in production. Mill used the principle of reciprocal demand in profit distribution.

Architecture for Chaux Salt Works - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theArchitecture for Chaux Salt Works. Answer: Gender notions can be viewed from the perspective of the history of modern architecture. Modern designs have to take into consideration human behavior(Kostof 1991). Through intensive analysis of various forms of architecture in history, the perception of society towards issues of gender equality can be observed. In this essay, we shall try to examine different case studies in the history of modern architecture with a view of establishing their impact on the issues of gender. For the purpose of this essay, I shall consider two case studies i.e. Chaux Salt Works, Claude Ledoux 1779 and Kew Lunatic Asylum, 1871 and other relevant material. Each case study shall be discussed and analysed extensively so as to decide on how it has reflected, reinforced or debased notions of gender. The Chaux salt works (1779), provides a modern concept in the architecture of buildings. The architect, Claudes-Nicolas Leduox conceptualized a design in which structures are arranged based on rational geometry. This building is designed to solve the scarcity that France was experiencing in the 18th Century. Out of his own volition, Ledoux designs his first concept of the salt works building which is brilliant, innovative and a breakaway from the traditional concepts. The royalty rejected the concept for being grandiose and palace-like. It was an unusual approach to the construction of factories. Modern technology may be good but it may be prone to failure if not properly conceptualized as seen in the film Modern Times(Chaplin 1936). In his second concept, Ledoux designs a complex building which is adopted and constructed. Kew Lunatic Asylum, 1871 is designed by two architects Vivian and Frederick K with an aim of providing a suitable facility for lunatics and idiots in Victoria Australia. The building is designed to be beautiful and elegant so as to provide a wonderful asylum for lunatics hence depicting Melbourne as a benevolent city. The building should be located on a site that provides that provides comfort and happiness for the lunatics(Willsmere n.d.). The building is also constructed to house inmates of al sexes. The architect reinforces the notion that all genders are equal through the design of ward of similar quality for either gender at a time when discrimination against women is rife. One of its most unique feature is its use of Ha-Ha walls that deter the patients from escaping. The rosy gardens and well manicured lawns provide an good environment for mental health patients to deal with their suffering and mental anguish. The roof of the building resembles the French-style roofing(Webb 201 6). Both the Chaux Salt works and the Kew Lunatic asylum are designed based on different architectural background but share similar concepts. The Chaux Salt works is designed to be a beautiful and modern factory that stumps the advancement of France in Europe. The Kew Lunatic on the other hand is designed so as to be a beautiful and elegant structure that depicts the benevolence and civility of the city of Melbourne. According to the House and Homes journal, stresses that architects and their clients perception of architectural expressions is not as unique individualistic statement, but as a means of articulating the values and identities of communities(Jarzombek 1991). This implies that the values of a community can be expressed by use of architecture. The Chaux Salt works may be seen to reinforce gender bias as the role and input of women in its design and construction remains unclear. On the contrary, the concept of gender bias is debased in the Kew Lunatic asylum design. The inclusio n of a female architect as well as a male architect coupled with equally well designed wards for both sexes debases the negative gender notions. Architecture plays a fundamental role in shaping the ideas, perceptions and attitudes of society. As seen above, it can be used to reinforce or debase cultural attitude on issues of gender. The Frankfurt Kitchen designed by Margarete Schtte-Lihotzky features a compact kitchen that would Rationalize womens work. This concept portrays cooking as purely a womans work hence reinforcing the notion that a womans role is limited to working in the Kitchen. Both Both the Chaux Salt works and the Kew Lunatic asylum use architectural concepts to create or reinforce a notion in society. The architects of the Kew Lunatic facility use their skills to debase the negative gender notions that exist in the 19th and 20th Centuries. This is the period in which women are segregated and marginalized in society. The poverty of modern day architecture stems from the atrophy of sensuality. Everything is dominated by reason in order to create amazement without proper research. The art of the engineer is not e nough if it is not guided by the primitive needs of men(Adam 2009). The concept of wholeness of life can be sufficiently incorporated in the design of buildings. This implies that all aspects of the environment can be unified by an architect to (Bruce 2013)provide a structure suitable for human habitation. A fundamental principle of design is that nothing can be used or it exists only by itself. There is a sense of relationship between the various elements of design This concept of design is prominent in the 19th Century and leads to the construction of potent building. In this essay, I shall consider two cases of building architecture with an aim of drawing contrast or similarity with respect to total design. The local case that will be considered is Featherston House, Robin Boyd, 1969 while the international case will be Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1934. Total design creates an environment of spectacular effect. Robin Boyd designs the Featherston House drawing inspiration from a warehouse. According to Boyd, Individual artistic expression can be seen through the design of a house(McPhilips n.d.) The interior design of the building features an indoor garden and floating platforms above the garden giving it a natural feel. The interior reflects the environment. Instead of the normal roofing material, he opts for a glass roof and large glass so as to allow the natural light to illuminate the interior(Wakely 2006). The architect concentrates on nature as a concept of his architectural design. The location of the building merges smoothly with the interior design of the structure. Boyd attempts to illustrate that the concept of total design can be married with contemporary design. Boyd also incorporated natural ventilation in the design as a form of air conditioning. He proves that architectural design can merged with nature to produce a modern building. Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Fallingwater building in 1935 in Pennsylvania. The location of the building over a waterfall and surrounded by tall trees gives it spectacular views(Fallingwater n.d.). The building stands as a masterpiece of architecture integrating a brilliant design and nature. Wrights adoration for Japanese style of architecture is visible as he incorporates harmony between man and nature throughout the entire structure. The fireplace hearth incorporates boulders from the surrounding. The organic design connects seamlessly with the surrounding natural environment hence reinforcing the concept of total design. All the elements of the building perfectly even to the small details fora example no metal frames are used at the point where the glass and stone meet. The architect understands that people are part of nature, therefore, a design that incorporates nature will conform to what we are(part of nature)(Curtis 1983). Both Featherstone House and falling water building are great examples of how total design concepts can be used to come up with structures that are remarkably beautiful and sound. These buildings concentrate on nature as the basic from which the design of the entire building arises. The Fallingwater buildings incorporates material from the surrounding environment as part of the material used for the interior design of the building providing a blend between the interior and exterior of the building. The entire house is in complete harmony with the environment. The sound of running water can be heard clearly from the comfort of the house and the terraces are in resemblance with the surrounding rock formation. Wright was influenced by concepts from Japanese Architecture. On the contrary, Boyd relied on his own creativity to merge his concepts with nature. He concept stems from the idea of a warehouse and a loft. He was not for the idea of compartmentalization of space but rather how spac e would unfold. This presents a contrast from Wrights approach. At a period where total design is not very common, both architects set out standards such that the resulting buildings would be as attractive and impressive as buildings borne from modern architecture. The architects prove that the concept of total design is still relevant and applicable even in the 21st Century. Both architects draw inspiration from nature and bring harmony throughout the building. The concept of total design unifies all aspects of design. It ensure complete harmony between all the elements of a building for example the floor, roof, windows furniture, the exterior and the surrounding environment(Marcus 2014). All the features are in perfect synchrony with the environment. Total design has its challenges. It is an expensive concept hence discourages many from pursuing it. This is because most often than not it does not employ the use standardized materials together with the methods. Also, part of the reason that it has become less common in the 21st Century is becaus e designers have abandoned it(Woods 2009). Very few architects are enthusiastic on utilizing the concepts of total design visa-vis the modern designs. Bibliography Essay 1 Adam, Peter. 2009. Eileen Gray: Her Life and Work. Thames and Hudson Ltd. "Modern Times'. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. Produced by Charles Chaplin Productions. Jarzombek, Mark. 1991. ""Good-Life Modernism" And Beyond." The Cornell Journal of Architecture 4: 78. Kostof, Spiro. 1991. The City Shaped: UrbanPatterns and Meanings Through History. London: ThamesHudson Ltd. Webb, Carolyn. 2016. Domain. June 28. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.domain.com.au/news/open-house-melbourne-former-kew-asylum-opens-doors-for-rare-public-viewing-20160628-gptqoy/. n.d. Willsmere. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.willsmere.net/about-willsmere/willsmere-history. Essay 2 Bruce, Gordon. 2013. Architecture Boston. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.architects.org/architectureboston/articles/total-theory-design. Curtis, William J.R. 1983. Modern Architecture Sice 1900. Eaglewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall. n.d. Fallingwater. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/designing-fallingwater/. Marcus, George H. 2014. Total Design: Architecture And Interiors of Iconic Modern Houses. New York: Rizzoli. McPhilips, Richard. n.d. Open Journal. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://openjournal.com.au/boyd-living/. Featherstone House. Directed by Mark Wakely. Produced by ABC. Woods, Lebbeus. 2009. Lebbeus Woods. Accessed October 16, 2017. https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/06/13/total-design/.

King Leopold’s Ghost A Review Essay Example

King Leopold’s Ghost: A Review Paper King Leopold’s Ghost, provides a historical account of economic and political systems in colonial Africa.   It is a tale of greed and grave hunger for power as well as heroism in the midst of terror. Adam Hochschild examines how the European drive for territories and possessions in the late nineteenth century justified the essence of colonialism.   Hochschild presents why the â€Å"civilizing† mission of Europe in Africa was deemed the powerful as morally right. Belgium’s King Leopold II, as the first secretary of the International African Association in 1876, defended colonialism by saying â€Å"To open civilization to the only part of our globe which it has not yet penetrated, to pierce the darkness which hangs over the entire peoples is, I dare say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress.† (Hochschild, 1999, p. 44) Saying colonialism is necessary in the realization of civilization and development, Leopold imprisoned Congo under his personal rule beginning 1885 until his death in 1908.   Using a complex scheme of political ploys and corruption, bribes and lobbying, he obtained international recognition for his colony and established a system of virtual slavery and tyranny in Congo. We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopold’s Ghost: A Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopold’s Ghost: A Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopold’s Ghost: A Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Leopold made Congo his private fiefdom and employed a barbarous system of forced labor and terror through out Congo.   Five to eight million natives were killed during his time.   Because of this, Leopold was shy of being compared to famous tyrants such as Hitler and Stalin.   But the difference, writes Hochschild was that Leopold never saw the gore and smelled the blood of his actions: â€Å"†¦King Leopold never saw a drop of blood spilt in anger.   He never set foot in the Congo.† (p. 4) During his reign, Leopold grabbed lands, developed military dictatorship whose white officers he called the â€Å"Force Publique.† At its peak, there were some 19,000 conscripted African soldiers under only 420 white officers.   He also ordered forced or slave labor starting from the â€Å"rubber boom† phenomenon in the 1880’s.   This system would even outlive Leopold’s death.   Forced labor, according to Leopold was â€Å"the only way to civilize and uplift these indolent and corrupt peoples of the Far East.† (p. 37) Each laborer had a quota and to meet this, they would carry huge baskets of rubber on their heads for up to twenty miles a day.   The laborer’s wives and children would even be kept as hostages until they produce the required number of rubber.   Once they fail to meet their quota, death is bestowed upon them.   And this was justified by saying hundreds of heads cut off is only meant to push the other laborers harder.   An officer of Leopold once said, â€Å"My goal is ultimately humanitarian.   I killed a hundred people but that allowed five hundred others to live.† (p. 166) So-called heroes emerged during this time.   Political enemies of Leopold and journalists tried to end this culture of labor and terror. A Congo Reform movement was formed. Leopold tried to counter this by bribing editors and even using a pseudonym to write articles on his regime’s defense by himself.   Towards the end of his reign, he destroyed the evidence and turned the Congo State archives into ash, hoping to employ the â€Å"politics of forgetting.† Compared to other countries that were once under a â€Å"genocidal† rule, the Congo experience made little impact in popular consciousness. But nonetheless, the Congo experience was a telling account on how the powerful tried to achieve civilization and progress, ironically through barbaric systems.   It is also a classic tale of how the powerful sugar-coated their real intensions of horror and lust for power with philanthropy and benevolence. But over and above this, it tells the story of how heroes came into play and how the people of Congo, and other former colonies, struggled and survived the tests put up by their cruel and spiteful historical past.

Applications of Conics in Acoustics essays

Applications of Conics in Acoustics essays Acoustic is defined as of or relating to sound, or the science of sound. Of the four major conic sections, ellipses and parabolas can have special applications in this science. Some common applications of these are the use of elliptical shape for whispering alleys and a parabolic shape in most speakers. are the same distance from a given point, called the focus, and a given line, the directrix. The vertical line represents the directrix. The point labeled F is the focus of the parabola. The distances d1 and d2 are equal. The curve of a parabola causes any object that travels from the focus to the parabola to bounce in a direction perpendicular to the directrix away from the parabola. This in turn causes any object or wave that comes into the parabola perpendicularly to the directrix to be bounced and reflected directly at the focus of the parabola. Such reflective properties can be especially useful in such devices as parabolic receptor and speakers. A speaker with a parabolic shape can originate the sound vibrations at the focus, and then bounce them off the walls of the speaker to produce concentrated and directed sound waves. The drawing shows how an incoming ray bounces from the parabola to the focus, then away. This is also a very effective technique to use when you want to project a sound to a particular area. This technique has many applications such as in concert halls and auditoriums. When you want to project a sound to a particular spot instead of a larger area, two parabolas are needed. The first parabola reflects the sound from its focus in a straight line to the second parabola. This parabola will then receive the sound waves, and they will all be reflected into the focus of this parabola at the same time. The reflective properties of parabolas are also used in parabolic microphones. Parabolic microphones use this method to pick up sound waves from very large distances. For these microphones to w ...

Economic Globalisation and Developing Nations Essay

Economic Globalisation and Developing Nations - Essay Example The goal within evolution, or what animals see as "good," is the ability to survive and promulgate their genetic code. What economists see as "good," within the world of finance is for wealth to accumulate, for products and services to increase in value and for all to profit and live happily ever after. This is the goal of financial evolution. It sounds so very, very simple, doesn't it Ah, but there is a catch. Given human tendencies, it is impossible for anybody to really have "enough." By its very nature, wealth is not a matter of what one has, but rather what one has in comparison to what everyone else has. We really don't want to have enough. Enough does not exist. We want to have more. This notion is fairly across the board for all cultures. Further, the animal kingdom is equal to the economic world concerning the degree of competition that is involved. However, over time, the competitors have less and less of an advantage over one another, and the playing field is leveled somewhat. Should one introduce a foreign element that has an unfair advantage-an animal with no natural predators and an unlimited food source, for example- soon the delicate balance of power between species is torn asunder. Similarly, such an idea can be presented regarding financial globalisation. Financial globalisation is nothing new. ... Enabling framework of financial globalization essentially includes liberalization and deregulation of the domestic financial sector as well as liberalisation of the capital account. As economies progressively integrate globally, pari passu the financial structures of markets and the world of finance change. Financial globalisation cannot be considered a novel phenomenon. Trans-country capital movements are centuries old." (Das, "Globalization in the World of Finance") Arguably, the very first European pioneer into the area of global finance is Jakob Fugger, son of a wealthy, self-made merchant of textiles. Jakob Fugger used his toehold in the textile industry to expand into finance, with trade posts that stretched from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. (familybusiness.com) Later, the rest of Europe caught on, and The Royal Exchange was created in London, providing a center for English financiers to trade both locally and internationally. By the nineteenth century, it became fairly evident that money in the form of paper currency had much less stability in terms of its trading power against foreign currency. The gold standard was therefore established, the reasoning behind it being that gold was much less likely to fluctuate in value; notes were redeemable for gold, both within a country's borders and internationally. This was intended to act as a guarantee that paper currency could be used anywhere, with a fairly similar value, provided these same countries both agreed to the gold standard and operated under it. (This was prefaced by the Bank Charter Act of 1844, under which the Bank of England declared itself the only legitimate source from which paper money was to be issued.) This standard is no longer used,

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example From this research it is clear that most of the modern organisations are essentially multi-tasked and multi-faceted. There are numerous theories on contemporary organisations. However, the common factors that are noted in all the theories are the importance of external environment and its influence upon the organisation, the significance of strategic planning and top managerial decision making, the requirement of workers cooperation, the importance of technology and resource dependence among others. The discovery of the human relation theory in management is linked to George Elton Mayo. The theory focuses upon the individuality of each human being. It can be stated that the worker has his own attitude, ways and beliefs and he tends to inculcate this in his workplace. According to scientific management theory which has been prepared by Frederick W. Taylor, managers are supposed to observe and evaluate each aspect of the task in order to identify the most economical way of allocating t he process into general operations. It has been observed by Frederick W. Taylor that all the individuals in this world are not created equal and therefore it is significant to provide them adequate training in order to alter the differences in the behaviour and the performance. The classical management theory was floated by Henry Fayol. He tried to monitor workplace processes and therefore categorized to be into rational and descriptive, possessing broad applications and importance. The numerous workplace processes upon which he paid due attention are division of work, hierarchy, unity of command, discipline, unity of direction, chain of command, order and stability of tenure among others (Montana & Charnov, 2008). Systems Theory It can be mentioned that the systems theory of organisational behaviour embraces various key components to the parameters of the field replicating the evolutionary process of the time. This theory has numerous characteristics which need to be noted. The con temporary organisation tends to obtain inputs from the external environment, change inputs into outputs and therefore return them back to the society. When there is constant interaction with the environment, organisations learn and try to adapt themselves with the environment (McCrie, 2006). Contingency Theory Contingency Theory is almost similar to the systems theory and therefore states that it is the environmental situation that demonstrates the structural and functional perspectives of the organisation. It further tries to mention that in order to respond to the contingencies of the environment there is requirement of numerous organizational forms. Contingency theory can be summarized as the ways of organizing activities that relies upon the characteristics of the environment to which the organisation must have some linkage (Farazmand, 2002). It can be observed that the evolution of the management theory tries to reflect how there has been significant modifications in the enviro nmental conditions as well as in organizational and managerial practices. In order to assist the modern managers

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example The employer should have justifiable evidence that can convince an outside observer of her claims. The employee should also be convicted that this action of making public the wrongdoings will lead to changes being done. The Disclosure Act 1998 requires employees not to engage in whistle blowing activities. Loyalty is having unwavering allegiance to an affiliation or person Integrity on the other hand is being free of any form of dishonest behavior (Johnson, 2003: 279). When whistle blowing the employee who is loyal to the organization should seek the best for that organization and make justifiable accusations that are not aimed at achieving selfish gain but helping the general majority. Whistle blowing for the right reasons is a positive force in the society as it ensures that people maintain accountability and ethics. Lying is not justifiable at any one time. However I don’t believe that business can be completely ethical especially in price determination. This is because pri ces are determined by the market with all organization trying to make the most profits. The code of ethics is crucial for an organization as it leads to cultivation of good behaviors such as accountability honesty and integrity which makes the organization not to operate smoothly. Legal considerations are crucial because it save an organization or individual trouble with the law. For instance nurses are expected to abide to the rule of confidentiality of their patient (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2010 618). If they have information about a HIV positive patient and discover that he/she plans to have sexual relations with a HIV negative partner they cannot blow the whistle since they can be sued. Scenario Three Increasing women in the top executive positions increase diversity in the board of directors’ composition. This creates an arena for discussion of different perspectives on issues which helps in making good decisions. Lord Davies report has recommendation on how women represen tation in top executive position in UK can reach to 25% by 2015. The institute of leadership report on women reveals that despite about half of the working population consist of women they are underrepresented in the top executive positions. Women hold only 12% of directorship position and only 22% of top management positions. Barrier to female occupation of top position are gender biases and the fact that women who are also homemakers are unable to give total commitment to work such as working long hours. Promotion today is based on performance. The first wave of feminism started in the late 19th century to early 20th century. This was during the industrialization era and the wave had the aim of pushing for opening job opportunity for women. It challenged the culture of domesticity calling for women representation in the political arena. The second wave was in the 1960s-90s. This came after the civil movement had diet down. The main aim of this was the recognition of female reprodu ctive rights and promotion of equal social rights. The third wave which is also called post feminism started in the 1990s to date. This is where female portray their sexuality by wearing high heels pushup bras and make up (Vinnicombe, 2008; 142). They assert that one can be beautiful and at the same time have brains. In the former waves female sexuality was seen as an object of oppression but it is now viewed as a subject of feminine beauty. Scenario four The stakeholders theory outlines haw an organization should be managed and the ethical

The Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay

The Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay In May of 1998, two of the largest car manufacturers in the business Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Corporation agreed to combine their organizations in what they agreed to be an egalitarian merger. Egalitarianism is a cultural value which represents the opposite of a hierarchy (Brett and Okumura, 1998) and which communicates the nature of the companys social structure (Brett, 2000). Whereas an organizational social structure defined by hierarchy demands respect, advantage, and authority to those in the top tier of the corporation, an egalitarian social structure places less demands on lower-level staff members, based on the premise that superior status is subject to change (Brett, 2000). However, an egalitarian merger would prove to be a challenge as German and American styles of management appeared to be polar opposites. German organizational structure was authoritarian, bureaucratic, and centralized; while American organizational structure was mostly participative, empowered, and ega litarian. To further complicate company relations, a statement emitted by Jurgen Schrempp in an interview with the Financial Times (1999), indicated the true intentions of the transaction, stating that the merger was never intended to be among equals. Such a statement revealed inherent flaws in communication which would disrupt perceived trustworthiness of Daimler-Benz, as well as control issues based on mutual misunderstanding as a result mutual insensitivity to cultural differences. Because an autocratic management style predominated in Daimler Benz, the acquisition instilled a sense of entitlement to authoritarian values within the German company, imposing upon Chrysler a top-down management approach which disregarded existing Chrysler company values and interpersonal dynamics. However, Chrysler also failed to recognize and adapt to dominating German styles of operation, choosing to adopt a more passive approach which reduced effective leadership within the American workforce. Because cross-cultural integration was so poorly prioritized within the Daimler-Chrysler merger, steps to generating a more adaptive response to the merger are recommended. First and foremost, both companies should create contingencies to account for the integration of potentially dissonant company values. Culture is a highly influential variable which must be thoroughly researched and communicated to both parties in order to create a higher understanding of mutual approaches. Once culturally sensitized, organizations must create and implement new organizational values which transcend both parties particular cultures, in order to create a third culture in which communication and productivity is based on awareness, respect, and commitment to fulfilling mutual company goals. Thus, by appointing an integration manager, the acquired company should report arising doubts stemming from the cultural aspects of the merger. In addition, company restructuring and related downsizing should be do ne as quickly and as respectfully as possible, in order to increase organizational efficiency. Finally, inclusive team-building amongst both entities should be promoted in order to generate innovative problem-solving ideas which strengthen and unite company relations. What is a merger? In general, a merger can be defined as the integration of an acquired company into the existing, acquiring company. In terms of finance, an acquiring company purchases the majority of shares from the acquired company, thus merging both assets into one expanding share. A merger tends to be a permanent arrangement and usually the company who acquires the shares retains its namesake. The International Competition Network identifies three major types of merger transactions: Share Acquisitions, Asset Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures. A share acquisition is defined by obtaining a controlling equity interest in the target such that it can exercise decisive influence over the targets business operations (ICN, 2010). On the other hand, an asset acquisition is defined as a buyout strategy in which valuable elements rather than shares of a financially unstable company are purchased. Furthermore, the acquiring company can choose which specific assets or liabilities it wants to purchase. Finall y, a joint venture is defined as a partnership between two companies which participate in a transaction of shared risks and assets for mutual benefit. Joint ventures are commonly proposed to domestic companies of a designated region by foreign companies who wish to expand their markets. In this transaction, the foreign company usually provides an advantage in technology and materials while the domestic company provides established contacts, brand recognition, and fulfillment of required government procedures. Synergy: Reasons for Mergers Synergy is the belief that current productivity levels and overall value of two separate companies will be greater following the integration of both. Schweiger Very (2003) identify four elements which comprise synergy: cost, revenue, market power, and intangibles. A cost synergy implies reducing overall organizational costs of administration and sales, as well as promoting functional consolidation and optimizing sales force and distribution, among others. Revenue synergies are associated with increasing volume of sales by selling products throughout a variety of markets with the intention of reducing fixed production costs. Market power is related to the acquisition of a competing market in order to maintain or increase product prices. Finally, intangibles refer to the ability to successfully transfer expertise and brand-name power to the acquired company (Haspeslagh Jemison, 1991). Synergies provide a company with the motivation necessary to pursue a merger. Supported by the various synergies are various strategic reasons for pursuing a merger. Schweiger Very (2003) identify 5 particular objectives to be fulfilled by mergers: geographic market consolidation, extension of technology, services or products, and geographic market expansion, among entering a new business and vertical integration which is the process of becoming a supplier or distributor in order to increase company value. Once a company has been acquired and the merger fulfilled, it is important to fulfill certain variables in order to achieve a smooth transition of company management. The level and speed of integration are crucial to organizational adaptation and will vary in success depending on applied integration strategy, organizational culture, and employed acculturation strategies. Acculturation refers to the process in which the acquired company adopts the acquiring companys organizational culture as its own. It is argued that a successful integration of company values is a greater predictor of overall company progress than financial or strategic factors (Larsson Lubatkin, 2001). An acquired company which retains a high degree of autonomy and cultural identity is indicative of a successful integration. However, a company which abandons its cultural identity and structure in favor of the acquiring companys identity suggests previous failure and distrust of proper capacities to succeed. Quality of communication is also a fundamental factor in achieving post-merger success. Poor communication between organizations can lead to a perceived lack of trust and caring by the acquired company, as well as a decrease in commitment and satisfaction. In addition, the degree of retained autonomy displayed by the acquired company directly relates to the level of integration achieved by the company: A higher level of autonomy is suggestive of a low level of integration, and vice versa. Although a certain level of autonomy can be beneficial for the acquired company, it can prove to be counterproductive if it does not correspond to the defining terms of the merger acquisition. Mergers and the Importance of Organizational Change Change provides a company with the opportunity to develop, expand, and progress. Future-oriented theories define organizational change as the process of setting, executing, and renewing company goals in order to achieve an ideal state of relevance and innovation. Similarly, life-cycle theories explain change as an externally-dependent process which evolves through various stages: birth (or emergence), growth (or development), maturation, and decline. Finally, dialectical theory compares organizations to multicultural societies with clashing values which generate change. In any case, an organization which embraces change demonstrates its capability to adapt and thrive on an ever-evolving marketplace. Similarly, employees who adapt to implemented organizational changes experience enhanced satisfaction in their performance, additional to as a greater sense of involvement in their work environment. If embraced properly, positively-promoted change can create a stimulating environment ripe for innovation, as well as a renewed sense of commitment to the company. Thus, effective leadership during transitional states of implemented change is crucial to decreasing employee stress while increasing overall productivity (Halkos, 2012). Reasons for Failure of Organizational Change Many factors contribute to failure to adapt to change within an organization. Specifically, there are 6 fundamental factors which influence unsuccessful implementation of change: premature or insufficient willingness to change, lack of contingencies to support the change, expecting immediate results, focus on change as opposed to results, leadership and management deficiencies, and divergence between planned strategy and circumstances of change (Yhang, Zuo, Yu, 2009). In addition, research by Amburgey, Kelly, Barnett (1993) has found support for Hannan Freemans (1984) Structural Inertia Theory, which states that both internal and external constraints greatly influence the outcome of organizational change. Section 1: Daimler-Chrysler Merger: A Cultural Mismatch Q.1 Mergers and Acquisitions take place to realize the synergies between the two or more companies involved. Using Cultural theories, explain why do you think the Daimler-Chrysler merger failed to realize the synergies that were expected from it? The merger between Daimler-Chrysler failed to fulfill synergic expectancies because appropriate steps to ensure adequate integration between two organizational cultures were not implemented. Daimler-Benz did not effectively communicate their true intentions regarding the merger with Chrysler, initially setting expectancies for a joint-venture equalitarian status which was later revoked by Daimler-appointed, Chrysler USA CEO Juergen Schrempp. This lack of communication created expectancies of equality and autonomy among Chrysler employees which were disregarded post-merger. However, Chrysler USA showed lack of leadership in adapting to the new model of organizational structure implemented by Daimler-Benz, thus increasing levels of stress among employees while reducing perceived trust in leadership capabilities, level of commitment to the company, productivity and job satisfaction. Cultural differences were vast, and failed to adapt to typical inclusion challenges faced by foreign companies intending to establish their presence in domestic markets. Whereas the German organization displayed the level of formality, precision, bureaucracy and orientation to detail typical of autocratic and bureaucratic styles of management, leadership within Chrysler USA inclined towards a participative approach which valued empowerment and egalitarian relations. In order to minimize cultural clash, Schrempp allowed each company to retain their own structural and cultural approaches, suggesting the adoption of a separatist mode of acculturation. However, the lack of communication which accompanied this decision failed to address the uncertainties in organizational procedure brought by the merger, in addition to the true intentions of Daimler-Benz to acquire the company as a subsidiary and not as an equal partner. Thus, the true nature of the merger was revealed in the way Daimler- Benz promoted cultural assimilation without regard to existing structure in Chrysler USA. Q.2 Many a Cross Cultural mergers have failed because proper attention was not given to the difference in cultures between the two companies. What issues should be addressed to make cross culture merger a success? Include an Action plan in your recommendation section. In order for a cross-culture merger to be a success, cultural issues must be assessed and addressed as thoroughly as possible in order to dispel uncertainty which may give rise to increasing tension and diminished productivity in the workplace. To further any plans without assessing overall adaptation to newly-implemented changes would hinder any opportunities for organizational development. A merger that is both culturally aware and financially sound is fundamental to achieving success as a newly-formed corporation entity. Even though Daimler-Benz eventually attempted to increase cultural awareness within its organization by promoting seminars on cultural awareness, learning the language and experimenting with a casual dress code, cultural integration remained ineffective as both parties were still heavily entrenched in the bases of their pre-existing organizational structure. American employees were encouraged to learn the German language and increase specificity in their planning, but remained fundamentally adrift in their leadership while their German counterparts continued to eliminate Chrysler authority by replacing top-tier management with German executives. Essentially, both organizations resisted the changes implemented by the merger and did not manage a successful integration of company cultures. Because of the complexity involved in adapting and conforming to external cultural values, a new approach focusing on promoting a Third Culture has been suggested by a growing body of research as a way to demonstrate respect for pre-existing cultural identities within the organization. Yan and Luo (2001) suggest a series of actions to motivate intercultural learning. A partners level of commitment and negotiating skills should be thoroughly assessed; flow of knowledge should be constantly improved through effective communication; and inter-organizational trust should be reinforced (Graen, 2003). In addition, Graen Wakabayashi (1994) suggest an alignment of diverging cultures by implementing the LMX Third Culture Way, an overall procedural strategy which encourages mutual respect among cultures, as well as the acceptance and commitment of both parties to a mutual way of fulfilling the merger transactions objectives. Subsequently, acquired knowledge should be integrated successfully i n organizational practices (Graen, 2003), and knowledge leaks should be prevented in order to maintain organizational unity and edge. Similarly, overdependence in either one of the parties should be avoided, instead incentivizing employees from both parties to provide efficient and innovative suggestions. Finally, all acquired knowledge should be implemented in company culture and promoted through frequent and effective communication, and consultancy and support for both parties should be provided throughout every stage of the merging process. Such support would assist organizational transition by promoting a general understanding of distinct cultural values and potential attitudes and behaviors related to each of the involved parties. In turn, promoting a companys own awareness helps develop consciousness of typical behaviors inherent in the company and their influence on others, thus developing a greater level of cultural sensitivity which fosters more effective inter-management a nd management-employee relationships. Finally, constant promotion and reinforcement of third-culture values increase trust and perceived competence among both entities, increasing the overall effectiveness of communication. Section 2: Renault Enters India with a Joint Venture Q1. Examine the factors that influenced Renaults Decision to choose a joint venture entry mode as opposed to Green Field entry mode to enter the Indian market. Include in your answer an explanation of how the characteristics of India have affected this decision. As previously discussed, a joint venture is a strategic merger approach typically employed by a company that wishes to corner a foreign market. By approaching Mahindra and Mahindra (subsidiary of Nissan) as a joint venture, it seizes the opportunity to create a lasting, egalitarian relationship between both parties, in a dynamic which delegates autonomy and expertise to the Indian company while benefitting from the familiarity of its brand name and knowledge of domestic markets. However, profitable benefits are mutual as Mahindra and Mahindra disregard their allegedly small stake in the Indian subsidiary of Ford in order to gain a 20 per cent share of the total auto market in India. Q2. Discuss the main advantages and disadvantages for Renault using a Joint Venture mode compared to a Green Field entry mode. Explain the main differences between the two modes in terms of control, risk, and flexibility. Include an action plan which includes some steps to portray Renault as a good corporate citizen to reduce its political risk. In general, a joint venture with Mahindra and Mahindra allowed Renault to benefit from valuable, strategic assets, as well as a quicker and more formidable entry into a competitive, locally-cornered market. Had Renault approached the Indian market through Green Field Entry, it would have spent additional costs in starting a foreign subsidiary and forgone the invaluable expertise and established market shares it earned through the partnership with Mahindra. Furthermore, an analytical gaze at the Indian automobile market reveals that India is developing exponentially, with its southern cluster alone holding a 35 percent revenue share. Had Renault opted for the Green Field approach, it would have had to face a deeply competitive market with no realistic, cost-effective strategy of entry. Alternatively, both companies have demonstrated a successful adaptation to the merger by focusing on the strategies necessary to achieve mutual benefit. As previously suggested by Yan and Luo (2004), both Renault and Mahindra promote business interactions characterized by Third Culture elements, by incentivizing effective performance by communicating their company objectives and expectations in a direct manner, also reinforcing trust and productivity among both organizations. However, one frequent problem resulting from joint ventures relates to attitude changes by one of the owners (Miller Glen, 1997), suggesting difficulties in aspects of control. Diverging interests in products, disregard for more cost-effective sourcing, and mutual misunderstanding based on insensitivity to cultural differences are only a few of the issues arising from control problems. Thus, it is important for both Renault and Mahindra to continue fostering a Third Culture approach to their relations by contin ually generating cultural awareness and securing valuable knowledge produced by their interactions and joint experiences, as well as by increasing overall organizational flexibility when approaching overlapping company structures. Conclusions Mergers occur for various reasons, which include: increased mutual profit, market power, and intangible assets such as shared expertise. However, the process of merging to distinct companies with particular organizational cultures and structures can prove to be challenging to both parties, especially in regards to integrating new objectives and culturally-influenced expectations of productivity. As seen in the case study of Daimler-Chrysler, an inappropriate communication dynamic, as well as intercultural resistance, diminished the potential to achieve greater levels of productivity and satisfaction among both parties and failed to extinguish increasing levels of stress and distrust among the acquiring and acquired entities. In order to increase opportunities for a successful multicultural merger, both organizations should raise cultural awareness amongst each other through direct and respectful feedback and a constant and secure influx of knowledge which reinforces a general and uni ting third culture.

The Relationship Between Will and the Psychologist in Good Will Hunting

This paper will discuss the relationship between Will Hunting and the psychologist Sean Mcguire in the movie Good Will Hunting. The struggles that occur between these main characters will be analyzed and their meanings found. A basic outline of the movie will be included to give the larger picture and its influence upon the two men. An Analysis of the Movie ?Good Will Hunting? and the Main Characters Will Hunting and Sean Mcguire Outline: 1. Description of the Movie a. Setting of the movie b. Introduction of the main characters 2. The Main Characters and their problem a. Will Huntings Problem and Sean?s intervention. b. Development of the problem and their solutions 3. The final development of the Characters a. A solution is found between the two characters b. Resolution is made and the ending of movie Good Will Hunting is the Miramax movie written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, and directed by Gus Van Sant. Starring the two Academy Award winning writers Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, plus Academy Award winning actor Robin Williams, Academy Award nominee Minnie Driver, and Stellen Skarsgard the movie went on to be nominated for 9 Academy Awards and win two The movie is based around the life of Will Hunting (Matt Damon), who is a troubled orphan growing in the slums of South Boston, referred to as "Southie". A reviewer noted on the personal relationship between Affleck and Damon, based on having truly raised in South Boston: 'A good example of this is a brief transaction early in the film in which Affleck buys a hamburger for one of his moocher buddies. When the kid says he only has 16 cents, Affleck holds on to the burger, telling him that he can pay a few cents a week and put the sandwich on layaway. After some angry yelling, Affleck eventually gives in (as you're sure he always does ) and forks the hamburger over. This innocuous little exchange speaks volumes about these two guys and their past history, and is funny to boot. It's honest and graceful.' (CNN Website) Will is a genius of unprecedented standards, but is never discovered until a MIT professor, Gerald Lambeau (Stellen Skarsgard) sees Hunting, who is a janitor, solve a complicated math equation that had taken him, a Fields Medal winner, over two years to solve. Hunting solved it on a single night. Hunting, who holds past grudges, gets in a fight with his three best... ..., the character is saved from the mean streets of Boston to pursue this talent and live a life with some knowledge of living it and not just memorizing it. With intervention of Limbaeu, Will meets Sean Mcguire and the two are connected through the geography that they were both raised. Sean brilliantly leads the young genius through the different avenues of feeling, that he is so blind too and there is a break though for Will, in that he can start to live outside of the book and truly see the big picture of life. This ?big picture? is merely learning how to love. Though Sean is a master at learning from books, he has little understanding on how things work in actual experience. Sean teaches him to understand what is an ideal and what is experience and therefore gives him the proper balance to survive in a world that had treated Sean so badly. The end of the story ends with Chuckie, not showing up to pick him up for work, which meant that he, in a way sacrificed himself to let his friend escape South Boston, and Will takes off to California to reunite with Sklark, whom he had pushed away. Sean gets a letter from Will saying ?thank you? and the resolution of the story is complete.

Gas Turbine

Types of ventilation – Induced draft ventilation – Turbine ,Acc module – Positive ventilation- LGB, Exhaust Ventilation System Design features †¢ Induced Draft Ventilation †¢ Number of compartments †¢ Accessory compartment †¢ Turbine compartment †¢ Aft compartment †¢ Generator Enclosure †¢ 2 X 100 % Roof mounted centrifugal fans †¢ Auto change over †¢ Fan outlet gravity dampers, CO2 dampers and silencers provided †¢ Enclosure Air inlet hoods with filter panels †¢ Slow cool down fan provided for Turbine compartmentFan sizing Accessory compartment Heat load criteria: †¢ Q = Heat Rejection = 104000 (BTU/Hr) = 436. 8 ( Kcal/min) †¢ Design compartment temp – 600 C at ambient of 430 C †¢ Fan provided : 2 x 10,000 CFM at 3. 5 inch WC static pressure †¢ The calculated temp raise with selected air flow 7. 80 C †¢ Static Pressure selected considering drop across suction filter, inlet, ex it, silencer and ducting Number of air changes criteria: †¢ Volume Of the Acc Comp = 278 m3 †¢ Number of Air change/Hr = 60 (Meets NFPA and DEP 31. 29. 70. 31 requirements)Fan sizing Turbine compartment Heat load criteria: †¢ Q = Heat Rejection = 1273469 (BTU/Hr) = 5348 ( Kcal/min) †¢ Design compartment temp – 1200 C at ambient of 430 C †¢ Fan provided : 2 x 26,000 CFM at 3. 5 inch WC static pressure †¢ The calculated temp raise with selected air flow 300 C †¢ Static Pressure selected considering drop across suction filter, inlet, exit, silencer and ducting Number of air changes criteria: †¢ Volume Of the Acc Comp = 215 m3 †¢ Number of Air change/Hr = 185 (Meets NFPA and DEP 31. 29. 70. 31 requirements)Vent Fan Drawing Typical Accessory Compartment Fan Curve †¢ Fan BHP : 5. 53 kw †¢ Motor selected- 8 kw †¢ Motor Data: †¢ 4pole – 415V,3Ph TEFC †¢ Motor ambient Temp. 650 C †¢ Insulation class â₠¬â€œ H ( Temp raise limited to class B) †¢ Flame proof NEC Class 1 Div 2 Gr C&D Turbine Compartment Fan Curve †¢ Fan BHP : 15. 45 kw †¢ Motor selected- 19 kw †¢ Motor Data: †¢ 4pole – 415V,3Ph TEFC †¢ Motor ambient Temp. 650 C †¢ Insulation class – H ( Temp raise limited to class B) †¢ Flame proof NEC Class 1 Div 2 Gr C&D Exhaust Frame Blower (Fr6) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Two motor driven centrifugal Blowers Inlet screen & silencer Air to turbine shell, exhaust frame via strut passages (Annular space) Flow:2470 CFM with two fans in operation Emergency:1860 CFM with one fan in operation Motor rating :50HP GT Auxiliaries GT Auxiliaries EXHAUST FRAME BLOWERS EXHAUST FRAME BLOWER GT Auxiliaries MIST ELIMINATOR Removes oil mist entrained in the LO vapor – Flow rate 😕 SCFM – Demister pads(8No’s)-SS316 wire mesh – Coalescing filter element(99. 97% for droplets and particles 0. micron a nd larger) – Outlet oil content not more than 5ppm by weight – Centrifugal blowers (2 No’s) and motors(11kw each) OUT LET FILTER CASING INLET BLOWER & MOTOR GT Auxiliaries GT Auxiliaries MIST ELIMINATOR – High speed rotating machinery: High temperature and shearing action in bearings generates a large volume of very fine oil mist (droplets) plus a considerable amount of vapor – Oil mist and oil vapor is vented from the lube oil tank, it causes a visible plume – Stringent environmental laws and regulations at all government levels – Coalescers combine small aerosols through the filter media to form large droplets.

Hate Crimes in New York

Hate Crimes in New York Summary Under the assessment of the problem, the problem that is under investigation will be identified and discussed (hate crimes in New York) in detail by examining the various facts and information available on the problem. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The historical time line of the project will also be discussed where the events that provided a background to the problem will be identified and explained. Quantitative information will also be used to provide a more realistic description of the problem. The policies that are available to deal with the problem will also be identified and highlighted within the research paper to determine their effectiveness in dealing with the problem under study. The literature review section of the paper will involve analyzing the various sources of literature that contain information on the problem. The literature revi ew will involve assessing reports, publications, articles, journals and scholarly books to gain more information on the topic. The stakeholder analysis section of this research paper will involve identifying the various clients and stakeholders of the research information. These are the people who will be affected by the research findings and who will be responsible in implementing the policies designed to deal with the problem. The stakeholders are also the clients of the study’s outcomes. Option specification will involve identifying 3 to 5 options that can be used to remedy the problem at hand. Each of these options will be designed to include a change to the policy that has been used in dealing with the problem. The options will be discussed in a table format where the changes that are involved will be highlighted as well as the people responsible for implementing the change. The general view of the stakeholders will also be determined to see if they agree to the change s in policy. The option analysis section will deal with a five step basic assessment of the options outlined in the option specification stage. The first step will involve conducting a political feasibility to determine whether there is stakeholder consensus or opposition to the plan. Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An administrative feasibility assessment will also be conducted to determine whether there will be any complexities during the implementation of the plan as well as legal constraints. The financial feasibility assessment will be conducted to determine whether any expenditures or savings will be derived from the options chosen to change the policy. Equity will involve determining the fairness of the options selected in dealing with those affected by the problem while effectiveness will determine whether the selected options or option will achieve the desired results. Once the five step basic assessment has been conducted, a suitable recommendation will be selected to deal with the problem. Introduction The purpose of this project will be to focus on the topic of hates crimes in the state of New York which has been on the increase and how these hate crimes can be reduced through the formulation of effective policies. Hate crimes are any acts of violence or discrimination that are directed towards an individual believed to belong to a certain social group or society which can be a religious group, an ethnic society, a political affiliation or a sexual orientation group (Bell, 2002: Bowling, 2003). Hate crimes usually involve physical violence, assault or damage to property and any other form of violence that is directed to an individual that belongs to any of the above mentioned groups. Hate crimes are a serious offence as they cause a lot of psychological trauma to the people who are victims of this form of violence (Jacobs P otter, 1998). The NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services defines hate crimes as any criminal acts that involve violence, intimidation and destruction of property based on biasness and prejudice of an individual believed to be from a minority group. The NYS law stipulates that a person is guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally intimidate or persecute a person based on their religion and religious practices, race, color, gender, disability or sexual orientation. A person is also guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally commit the act with the full knowledge or belief of the victim’s religion, gender, disability, ethnic background, sexual orientation and color (New York State, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current laws and policies in place to deal with hate crimes have mostly focused on defining the spe cific acts that constitute hate crimes, defining perpetrators of hates crimes under the penalty-enhancement laws and creating distinct civil actions that are meant to deal with hate crimes (Spodek, 2010). In the United States, the laws that are in place to deal with hate crimes mostly focus on persecuting people who are found guilty of committing hate crimes on individuals perceived to be from a different religion, nation, sexual orientation, gender or race. Hate crimes are a criminal offence in all of the states of America and the penalties that are usually served to hate crime perpetrators are usually very severe (Schwartz, 2006). Clients of the Research The purpose of this policy analysis will be to analyze and assess hate crimes in New York and the policy framework that has been instituted by the state of New York to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the state. The information gathered from this policy analysis is meant to provide important data to the various gov ernment and state agencies within New York that are involved in human rights and hate crime awareness campaigns that will enable them to react to the growing cases of hate crimes directed towards minority groups. The information garnered from this study will also be useful in helping government agencies such as the Office of the Governor of New York and the Mayor to formulate important policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in New York and the United States in general Role of the Researcher As an independent analyst contracted by the state of New York to assess the policies that exist on hate crimes, my role in the policy analysis process will be to analyze the various facts, findings, discussions and literature that exist on hate crimes in the state of New York and also carry out an assessment of the problem under study by looking at the various actions that lead to the increase of hate crimes in New York. The role of the policy analyst will also be to gain vital quanti tative data on the problem under assessment by reviewing various statistics and reports that have been done on hate crimes in the state of New York. By reviewing important statistical information, the analyst will be able to provide useful facts that will shade more light on hate crimes and the victims of hate crimes in the state of New York.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Action Forcing Event of the Research The action forcing event that has formed the foundation for this research is the increasing prevalence of hate crimes in the state of New York. A hate crime that occurred in 2008 that was a cause of alarm for many statesmen in New York was the attack of two Ecuadorian brothers, Jose Sucuzhanay and Romel Sucuzhanay on December 8, 2008. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay. The attack which took place in Brooklyn ended with Jose Sucuzhanay losing his life five days after being admitted in hospital. This attack together with other hate crimes that occurred the following year showed the escalating cases of hate crime in the state of New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Assessment of the Problem According to Fetzer (2010), hate crimes have increased in New York by 14 percent between 2008 and 2009 comp ared to the previous year’s reported cases of hate crimes. Most of these hate crimes according to Fetzer have been directed towards members of the Jewish community, homosexuals, African-Americans and people from the Hispanic community. According to the study, the number of hate crimes that were reported to the New York State Police in 2009 amounted to 683 with the most common violent acts being intimidation and vandalism/destruction of property. In 2008, the number of hate crimes reported to the state authorities totaled 599 with the most common targets being members from religious groups, ethnic communities and sexual orientation groups. These figures are in sharp contrast with the hate crimes reported in 2007 which totaled 493 cases that were directed towards members of a different ethnic race, religion sexual orientation, ethnicity and disability. In 2007, religious groups had the highest number of hate crime offenses when compared to 2008 statistics which showed that ha te crimes were committed against people of a different ethnic race or nationality (Fetzer, 2010). Problem Definition In the state of New York, hate crimes mostly occur because of the social differences and prejudices that exist within the society where the country’s most populous state has citizens that practice different lifestyles and ways of living (Gerstenfeld, 2011). The growing number of ethnic communities in the state has also contributed to the high number of hate crime incidences in New York. The remarkable diversity that is being experienced in New York has presented a major challenge for both the local authorities and citizens of the state as a result of the many ethnic groups and societies that live within the state. This has created a situation where many of these groups want their needs to be catered for at the expense of average New York citizens (Levin Amster, 2007). Historical Timeline and Background of the Problem The history of hate crimes in New York mos tly has its background in the racial discrimination that many African-American and Hispanic communities faced in the early 20th century. Racial discrimination becomes a form of hate crime especially when it becomes violent and harmful. Many African-Americans faced a lot of discrimination during the 19th and 20th century which was demonstrated by slavery and violent acts on colored people. These violent acts were mostly mob beatings, rapes, violent attacks and assaults on people who had African origins. Such discrimination paved the way for hate crimes in the United States where the same ethnic group continued to be attacked and assaulted because of the color of their skin (Tynes et al, 2009). To respond to hate crimes in the state of New York, Governor George Pataki signed a piece of legislation known as the New York Hate Crimes Act in 2000 which was enacted in the same year to deal with the growing cases of bias or prejudice-based hate crimes in the state. Under the Hate Crimes Act, people who discriminated against others because of their color, race, gender or sexual orientation were termed to be hate crime offenders who were subject to prosecution by the State of New York. The act specified the type of punishment hate crime offenders would be subjected to if they were found to guilty of committing hate crimes. The Hate Crimes Act also specified the type of crimes that were considered to be hate crimes or bias motivated crimes committed against the members of a protected minority group. Despite this being the only law used to deal with hate crimes in New York, it marked the beginning of government initiatives in the state of New York to deal with hate crimes (Kristi, 2010). Quantitative Information about the Problem The trend of hate crimes against members of minority groups such as homosexuals, African-Americans, the Jewish, Hispanics and disabled people continued to increase during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of 20th century where man y states in America recorded high incidences of hate crimes against people of different ethnic orientation. These incidences were mostly common in urban and socially diverse societies that hosted a variety of socially oriented individuals from different ethnic communities and societies (Herek et al, 1998). According to data released by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) the incidence of hate crime began to escalate or increase in the year 2000 where 450 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have been committed against homosexuals and 1500 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have occurred in members of a different ethnic race (Shively, 2005). This increase in ethnic motivated hate crimes continued to increase over eight years where according to data released by the Division of Criminal Justice in New York in 2008, hate crime offenses committed against people of a different ethnic race recorded a higher percentage increase of 14% when compared to crimes committed against t he other groups which fall under the protected minority groups (Fetzer, 2009). Policies on Hate Crime Most of the hate crime legislature and policies in existence today within the US were developed after the Civil War to deal with the colorblind system of justice and inequality of ethnic communities during that time. Statutes such as Section 241 and 242 were incorporated into the US constitution to deal with individuals who had perpetrated hate crimes on other people. Some of the acts and policies that fall under these statutes include the first Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act and the Church Arson Prevention Act which was meant to prevent racial attacks on Black American churches (Streissguth, 2009). Many states in the US have implemented policies to deal with hate crimes and other acts of discrimination that are identified to be hate crimes. While these policies differ from state to state, their main focus is o n punishing offenders of hate crimes who are deemed to be criminal perpetrators by the American law (Cogan, 2002). Many law enforcement agencies in the US have designed and developed policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in the various states (Gerstenfeld Grant, 2004). In New York, various hate crime policies have been formulated to deal with various forms of discrimination, vandalism, assault or violent attacks on women (Jenness, 2003), disabled persons or people believed to be from different social groups and communities. The state has incorporated a hate crime statute under the Hate Crimes Bill H.R. 2647 that is meant to deal with hate crimes committed against its citizens who are either Americans or Non-Americans. The statute developed by the New York State Division of Human Rights to address any violent, discriminate and socially biased acts committed against the socially diverse citizens of the state (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 is the main statute and law that is used by the state of New York to deal with hate crimes and hate crime offenses against people believed to be from a protected minority group in America. The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 was enacted into law in 2000 by Governor George Pataki to address the increases cases of hate crimes that were taking place in the state at an escalating rate. During its first year of enactment, the Hate Crimes Act was able to bring down the incidences of hate crimes committed against people of a different sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious affiliation and gender based on a 2002 report released by the Uniform Crime Reports organization (Shively, 2005). While hate crimes still persisted in New York, the act was able to provide law enforcement agencies with the ability to persecute people found guilty of committing hate crime offenses in the state. Literature Review Nature of the Problem There has been a dramatic increase in hate crime literature and research whic h has contributed in part to government collection programs and statistics that contain qualitative and quantitative information on hate crimes. The nature of hate crimes in New York is mostly characterized by the type of people targeted by hate crimes and also how the crimes are perpetuated. For example in 2008, there was an escalating case of hate crimes committed on people from certain ethnic communities, sexual orientation groups and religious groups within the state. Some of these hate crimes included the brutal attack of a Muslim teenager in 2008 by four American teenagers, the stabbing of an Ecuadorian immigrant, Marcelo Lucero by a mob of teenagers in Long Island looking for Latinos to beat up, the shooting of a transgender woman by a perpetrator who thought she was gay and the violent attack of two Ecuadorian brothers in Brooklyn by three anti-gay and anti-Hispanic men (Division of Human Rights, 2009). In the case of the Muslim teenager, the perpetrators were anti-Obama a s they shouted Obama while beating up the teenager with a baseball bat. The perpetrators in the stabbing of the Ecuadorian immigrant were teenagers who were discriminative of Latinos or people of Hispanic descent as they had said they were driving around Patchogue looking for Latinos to beat up. In the case of Latiesha Green, a transgender woman, the perpetrator shot her because he thought that she was gay. This mistaken identity was mostly attributed to the fact that she was sitting inside a car with her brother. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay (Division of Human Rights, 2009). These alarming incidences of hate crimes demonstrate that the problem is escalating in the State of New York and that there is an urgent need to impose restrictions and measures that will ensure hate crimes are dealt with in New York. According to Perry (2003 ), the long term nature of hate crimes is that it never tends to stop unless the relevant authorities stop it through the implementation of effective interventions. Perry notes that the nature of these crimes usually ends in the loss of a life, property, income and the emotional destruction of a person’s well-being. The perpetrators of these crimes initially tend to instill fear in their victims and force them to leave or adapt to the normal way of life (Hall 2005). In response to the increasing cases of hate crimes against people of a different sexual orientation, race, religion and color, the New York State Division of Human Rights established a Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) in January 2009 to respond to the escalating cases of bias-motivated crimes in the State of New York. The purpose of this task force was to develop effective interventions that would be used to prevent hate crimes in New York as well as increase the awareness levels of New Yorkers to enable them build tolerance to all members of the society (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community in the Bronx area of New York have conducted outreach and awareness campaigns on the need to live harmoniously within the New York society (Grautski, 2010). The state of California has also been able to establish a hate crimes taskforce through a joint collaboration with the FBI office located in Riverside County and the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department in California. The hate crimes task force which was formed in 2003 was meant to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the Los Angeles and Riverside Counties of California by enabling the local FBI to have more investigative depth when it came to investigating hate crimes in the state. One notable achievement of the task force was the arrest of 18 white supremacists who were in possession of guns, ammunition and Nazi pa raphernalia (FBI, 2006). Another state in America that has recorded high incidences of hate crimes is the state of Massachusetts which has established a hate crimes task force known as the Governor’s Task Force on Hate Crimes. This task force was created by Governor William Weld and it was later given a permanent status by Governor Paul Cellucci in 1998. The task force was meant to address hate crimes in the state of Massachusetts by creating awareness of what constitutes hate crimes in public schools and communities (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2007). The state of New Jersey has also recorded high incidences of hate crimes mostly committed against homosexuals and lesbians. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Foundation was established in 2006 to deal with the rising cases of homophobic attacks committed against members of the lesbian community (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2006). Other states that have developed hate crimes taskforces and committees to deal with the rising cases of hate crimes include the Tennessee Equality Project Foundation which helps the victims and families of hate crimes by offering them with protection and justice against hate crime perpetrators (TEP, 2011) and the Northern District of Texas Hate Crimes Task Force which was established by the state of Texas in collaboration with the civil rights working group in the area to deal with the awareness of communities in Dallas, Texas on hate crime offenses (FBI Dallas, 2011). State of Scholarly Knowledge and Research While there has been a long history of criminal literature that has mainly focused on bigotry and bias as aspects of crime, the study of hate crime began to receive some substantial frequency during the past recent years. The study of hate crime has increased from the occasional research work conducted during the 1980s by criminal researchers such as Finn and McNeil (1988) and Weiss and Ephross (1989) to a steady flow of studies, reports and quantitati ve data that has characterized many 21st century criminologists such as Berk et al (2003), Barnes and Ephross (1994), Dharmapala (2004), Boeckmann and Turpin (2002) and Kuehnle and Sullivan (2001). The various bodies of research that exist on hate crimes have outlined the various causes and consequences of hate crimes to be caused by social prejudices and societal indifferences where the original citizens of the society are not willing to adopt the styles of living of any new social or ethnic group (Craig, 2002). Other causes of hate crimes have been caused by the non-conformity to societal values and beliefs where new citizens to the society refuse to change their ways of living to suit the present society’s views and values (Craig, 2003). Economic and financial problems have also been a major contributor to the occurrence of hate crimes where the citizens of a particular society struggle to utilize the scarce resources that exist with that society (Perry, 2003). Moderniza tion and urbanization have also contributed in a large way to the various forms of hate crimes that mostly occur in highly urbanized and populous areas such as New York (Green et al, 2003: McPhail, 2002). The major conclusions that have been derived from hate crime studies conducted by Rayburn et al (2003), Steen and Cohen (2004) and Shively et al (2001) are that hate crimes are more prevalent than what has been reported in criminal investigations and government reports. This means that the majority of hate crime victims do not report any violent attacks and assaults to the police or any state agencies that deal with human rights. The conclusions of hate crime studies have also shown that hate crimes have a serious and negative consequence on the victims of these crimes who eventually suffer from psychological trauma (Flint, 2004). The research work has also concluded that the perpetrators of hate crimes are usually individuals who belong to certain extremist groups that are guide d by certain beliefs and values which they deem to be acceptable to the other members of the society (Shively, 2005). The theories that have been postulated to explain hate crimes include the behavioral and social sciences such as the personality theories where the various personalities and characteristics of people are analyzed to determine their behavior towards other people (Johnson Byers, 2003). The personality theories have proved to be important in determining the behavioral characteristics of individuals who commit hate crimes. Some of the personality theories have identified people who are aggressive in nature and also authoritative are more than likely to engage in hate crimes. Other theories that have been used to discuss the causes of hate crimes are the social and behavioral theories which mostly focus on the modernization of societies around the world and how members of these modern societies react to foreigners or groups that do not display similar tendencies and beh avior (Rose Mechanic, 2002). According the various studies that have been conducted on hate crime in the US, many states have implemented government-sponsored hate crime initiatives that involve the local justice and law enforcement agencies. Apart from government initiatives, various states have implemented statutes that are meant to protect their citizens against any hate crimes (Franklin, 2002). Washington and Oregon were the first states in America to enact hate crime statutes that were meant to persecute any perpetrators of hate crimes in those states. This paved the way for the other states in the country to enact statutes that would be used to deal with hate crimes directed towards religious groups, sexual orientation groups, political affiliation groups and disabled persons (Anti-Defamation League, 2003). Stakeholder Analysis Key Influential Players The six key influential players and organizations in the State of New York that have a direct impact on the formulation of ha te crime statutes, policies and laws include the Division of Human Rights, the Governor of the state of New York, the Hates Crime Task Force, law enforcement agencies and the Division of Criminal Justice (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The NYS Division of Human Rights in New York deals with the prosecution of offenders who have been found to engage in unlawful discriminatory practices against people of a protected minority group. The decision characteristics that are used by the Division of Human Rights in prosecuting hate crime offenders include the race, origin or ethnicity of the hate crime victims, the sexual orientation of the victims and their religious affiliations (Muslims, Islamists, Protestants and Jews). The Division of Human Rights usually receives, investigates and resolves any complaints of racial discrimination based on these characteristics (DHR, 2010). The key figure charged with the operation of DHR is the commissioner of the organization who is currently Galen Kirkland. He has developed a vocal stand against hate crimes by speaking against any form of discrimination or bias motivated attacks that have been done on people from a protected minority group. He has made his opinions clear about hate crimes by publicly responding to hate crime assaults that have been committed on minority groups within the state of New York. Kirkland publicly spoke out against the perpetrators of hate crime when he commented on the sentencing of Dwight DeLee, a hate crime perpetrator who killed a transgender woman, Lateisha Green, because he thought that she was gay. Kirkland supported the court’s decision to sentence DeLee to life imprisonment by saying that the decision was meant to serve as a reminder that the state of New York was not tolerant to hate crimes. Kirkland noted that changes needed to take place within the American society that would reduce the level of bigotry and biasness that existed amongst the various community members. This was a process that was going to take a lot of time but In the meantime, Kirkland together with the Governor developed a Hate Crime Task Force that would deal with hate crimes in New York (Mulvaney Centeno, 2009). The Office of the Governor in New York is mostly mandated with enforcing any state laws or policies that might affect the governance of New York. The Office of the Governor is instrumental in dealing with hate crimes in New York as it has the necessary authority and power to enact hate crimes policies and laws. The Governor’s office in New York established a Hate Crime Task Force in 2009 that would respond to the growing cases of hate crimes in the city. The decision characteristics that the office considered to deal with hate crimes in New York racially motivated offenses or attacks where the race characteristics include African Americans, Latinos, Muslims or Hispanics, religious motivated offenses where the decision characteristics include Muslim, Islamists or Jews, s exual-orientation offenses where the decision characteristics used to make a decision include homosexuals, lesbians or transgender or ethnically motivated hate crimes where the decision characteristics include nationality of the victim, community practices of the victim and the relationship that the victim’s home country has with the United States (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The previous Governor of New York, David Paterson, has also been instrumental in the enactment of various laws that will curb hate crimes in the United States. While he was not as vocal as Mayor Bloomberg or the commissioner of DHR, the Governor initiated several hate crime task forces to deal with the escalating cases of hate crimes especially after the death of Lateisha Green, the death of two Hispanic brothers and the brutal stabbing of a Muslim cab driver, Ahmed Hassan Sharif. The Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) which was established by the Office of the Governor is charged with dealing with vict ims of hate crimes as well as reporting hate crime perpetrators to the appropriate authorities. The HCTF is also charged with creating awareness of the diversity in the State of New York to ensure residents are tolerant of each other. The decision characteristics that the HCTF uses to carry out its mandate include the type of protected minority group targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). Some of the members of the task force include Tina Stanford, the chairlady of the Crime Victims Board and Lorraine Cortes, the Secretary of State of New York. Both Stanford and Cortes are dedicated to reducing the level of hate crimes in New York where each member in their own capacities deal with victims of hate crimes. For example Stanford manages the cri me victims board which deals with people who have been assaulted through racial motivation or minority group biasness. Cortes on the other hand deals with formulating policies and laws that will be used to deal with hate crime perpetrators in the state of New York. Cortes support for the Hate Crimes Task Force developed by Governor Paterson was evident when she commended him for developing a unit that would deal with the escalating cases of hate crime. Her support for dealing with hate crimes was also evident during the funeral of an Ecuadorian immigrant who had been killed Hispanic racists (Macropoulos, 2008). The law enforcement agencies that exist in the state of New York include the NYPD, the NYS Division of Criminal Justice, NYS Division of State Police and the NYS Department of Correctional Services. The main purpose of these government departments is to maintain order within New York by identifying, prosecuting and detaining criminal offenders. The decision characteristics that are used by these state agencies when dealing with cases of hate crimes include the type of protected minority group that has been targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). These five groups have the ability to impact on any decision the client chooses with regards to implementing a policy to counter the escalating cases of hate crimes in New York. Denise O’ Donnell, the Commissioner of the Division of Criminal Justice, has played an instrumental role in establishing the Hate Crimes Task Force in the western part of New York. Her professional history also demonstrates her dedication to reducing hate crimes and discrimination in the state of New York. For example, during her tenure as the chief federal prosecutor for the 17 counties th at fall in the western district of New York, O’Donnell was able to establish a program that would prevent discrimination when it came to housing for members from minority or ethnically diverse groups such as the Hispanics and the Black Americans. During her 2007 appointment as the commissioner of DCJ, O’Donnell vowed to reduce violent crime in the state which encompassed sexual offenses, gun violence and racially motivated crimes (DCJS, 2007). Key Influential Organizations Key Figures Division of Human Rights (DHR) Galen D. Kirkland, Commissioner of DHR Office of the Governor David A. Paterson, Governor of New York Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) Denise E. O’Donnell, DCJ Commissioner Hate Crimes Task Force Tina Stanford (Chairlady, Crime Victims Board) and Lorraine Cortes (Department of State) Law Enforcement Agencies Colonel Tom Fazio, New York State Police Support to Change All these organizations have provided support to the various govern ment agencies in the state of New York such as the federal and state courts in persecuting perpetrators of hate crimes. Their continued support to vital government policies and statutes will be important as the US government is committed towards fighting hate crimes in the country. The Office of the Governor in the State of New York has proved to be an important government office as it has established the Hate Crime Task Force to deal with increasing cases of bias-motivated crimes in the state. Under the stewardship of Governor David A. Peterson, the taskforce has developed strategies and goals that will be used to prevent hate crimes within the state of New York by increasing the awareness of the citizens towards hates crimes. The taskforce is meant to cater to the diverse needs of the ethnically varied New York state and its citizens who have mostly been subjected to hate crimes such as vandalism, assault, verbal or physical attacks and discrimination (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Option Specification The current hate crimes policy in New York is meant to deal with any acts of violence that are committed against individuals from a sexual orientation group (homosexuals, lesbians and bisexuals), an ethnic community in the United States (Hispanics, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans), a religious group (Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Islam) and a racial group (African-Americans, Asians). The options that are available to the government office in New York charged with the overall welfare of New Yorkers will be to; develop protocols for state agencies and community based organizations that are concerned with hate crime victims, create a hate crimes policy for all law enforcement agencies within the state of New York, provide hate crime training to state prosecutors, support the development of hate crime curricula that is meant to increase awareness on hate crimes in New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The first strategic option will involve developing protocols for s tate agencies and community based organizations that are involved with providing services to victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This will entail changing the policy that is concerned with protocols that are used in dealing with hate crimes. This policy change came about from the Immigration Subcommittee based in New York that developed a hate crime protocol that would be used to provide a consistent approach to responding to hate crime victims (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The proposed policy change to the hate crime protocol will therefore complement the work that is being done by the state agencies to address the plight of hate crime victims and witnesses by providing suitable guidelines that will be used to document hate crime offenses. The procedure will require all state agencies and organizations to seek assistance and report any hate crimes to the state of New York police force thereby reducing crimes related to hate. The state offices that will be responsible for t he implementation of the hate crime protocol will include the NYS immigration department, state agencies, community based organizations in New York and the Division of Human Rights. The second option will involve developing curricula that will be used to increase hate crime awareness and also reduce the social stigma of protected minority groups in the state of New York. This policy developed by the Education and Outreach Subcommittee in New York aims to develop curricula that will be used to reduce the stigma of minority groups in educational settings as well as in the New York society. This material will be distributed in various social institutions in the state to ensure that all members of the society are aware of the dangers of hate crimes. Increased awareness in the state will reduce the rate of hate crimes as victims will be able to speak out on any bias motivated offense committed against them and the members of the New York society will also be able to report any hate crim es witnesses and perpetrators to the police. Awareness will also ensure that the members of the society do not tolerate any hate crime offenses and are aware of the various human rights organizations that have been established to deal with this issue. The NYS state agencies that will be involved in the exercise include the State Education Department, NYS United Teachers (NYSUT), the Hate Crimes Task Force and the Office of the Governor. The third option that can be used to effect a policy change in hate crimes is conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and attorneys in the state of New York. Experienced prosecutors who have dealt with hate crimes in the various counties of New York will go through a one-day training course that will enable them to learn on how to conduct hate crimes investigations, presenting hate crimes issues to juries and also how to work with community based organizations to reduce the cases of hate crimes in New York. Training prosecutors and all criminal attorneys on hate crimes will reduce the number of hate crimes in the State where attorneys will be able to properly present hate crimes court cases before the judiciary for appropriate persecution. The hate crimes training initiative for state prosecutors was a request made by the Deputy Secretary of the Division of Criminal Justice, Denise O’Donnell, who wanted the training of state prosecutors and attorneys updated. The state offices that will be responsible for the implementation will therefore be the Office of the District Attorney, the Depart of Justice for the State of New York, the Division of Criminal Justice Services and the New York Prosecutor’s Training Institute (NYPTI). The fourth option will involve developing hate crime policies for all law enforcement agencies in the state of New York. This will involve developing a model policy that will be used by all law enforcers in the state to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This policy option has its basis on the training of 400 law enforcement officers in 2008 that received training on domestic extremism in the state. This model policy will be useful in training officers on how they can be able to identify and define hate crimes and also what investigative steps they will use to deal with the perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy will also outline the procedure that police officers have to follow when investigating and arresting perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy and training is meant to reduce the level of hate crimes in New York by providing sensitivity training, hate crime investigative skills and correct hate crime offense reporting. The government offices and agencies that will be involved in the development of hate crime policies for law enforcement officers will be the NYS police departments and the arm of Criminal Justice Services. Evaluation Criteria The evaluation criteria that will be used analyzing the selected options will involve conductin g a political feasibility to determine whether all the major stakeholders agree to the changes on hate crime policies within the state. The administrative feasibility of the policy problem will involve determining the administrative complexities that will be involved in implementing any of the options as well as the labor and man hours needed to implement the policy changes. The financial feasibility as an evaluation criterion will assess each option to determine the amount of financial resources needed to implement and operationalize the policy in the state. Equity will measure whether the selected option will be fair to all the parties that are concerned with reducing the levels of hate crimes in the state while effectiveness will determine whether the selected option will effectively reduce the rate of hate crimes in New York. Effectiveness will be measured by monitoring the performance measures of the selected option. Option Analysis The political feasibility of the problem wi ll be determined by the extent of policy changes that need to be made to ensure the issue of hate crimes has been dealt with in the state. If all the political stakeholders of the policy such as the Governor Cuomo and Mayor Bloomberg agree that policy changes need to be made to the existing hate crime policies then the options suggested will be viable. The option of modifying the existing hate crime policies used by law enforcement agencies will be more politically viable than the other three options because it deals with hate crime policies that will be used by law enforcement agencies to deal with cases of hate crimes in New York. Since both the mayor and the Governor want to reduce the cases of hate crimes, this will be the most politically feasible option (Grattet Jenness, 2001). The administrative feasibility of training all state prosecutors and law enforcement agencies on hate crime protocols will not be administratively feasible as it will require a lot of time, money and resources to develop training programs for the many law enforcement officers and attorneys in the State of New York. The option of training public prosecutors on ways of handling hate crimes will also involve making a few amendments to the Penal Law of New York to ensure that state prosecutors are able to handle the different groups affected by hate crimes. These amendments to the Penal Law will include a subdivision that will deal with hate crimes committed on the personal property of a person believed to be from a different race, religion, nationality, gender, age or sexual orientations and another subdivision that will deal with the persecution of perpetrators believed to have committed hate crimes based on the protected classes of social groups mentioned in before (Marcus, 2002). This option will present some legal constraints and complexities to the obligated bodies during the implementation process which might in the end take a long time to implement. The administrative fe asibility of developing curricula for hate crime awareness is more preferable when compared to the other three options as it will ensure that a large area of the state has been covered by hate crime awareness campaigns and educational tours conducted by the State Education Department and the Hate Crimes Task Force. With regards to financial feasibility, the options of conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and developing curricula that will be used for hate crime awareness will be more less costly when compared to developing policies for law enforcement agencies and protocols that will be used by community based organizations which will all require a substantive amount of money to be implemented into the Hate Crimes law that is currently use in the state of New York. Training state prosecutors on how to handle hate crimes will reduce the amount of time spent in court dealing with law suits or cases filed against suspects of hate crimes while training law enforcement o fficers will also reduce the amount of time and money spent on reporting and investigating hate crimes. The important stakeholders who are responsible for the financial feasibility of the policy change will be the Office of the Governor, the Division of Criminal Justice, the Office of the District Attorney and the Hate Crimes Task Force. In terms of equity, the option of modifying hate policies for law enforcers will be fair to the social groups mostly affected by hate crimes as it will enable the various police departments in New York to cater to the various victims and witnesses of hate crimes in New York. The policies will ensure that law enforcers are sensitized on how to handle victims of hate crimes so that they gain equitable justice. The participation of the police commissioner of the NYS state police department, Col. Tom Fazio, will ensure that all officers operating within the jurisdiction are sensitized on how to handle hate crimes and also conduct exhaustive investigati ons to ensure that the perpetrators of hate crimes have been apprehended. This option will therefore offer more equitability when compared to the other options. The effectiveness of the options will mostly be determined by whether it will reduce the rates of hate crime in New York. This will be measured by the performance outcome of the options where each option will be accorded a measure that will be used to assess whether it has been effective in reducing the rate of hate crimes within the state. As the policies have as yet not been implemented or effected, the effectiveness of the most suitable policy will be determined by the number of people that are targeted under the policy. The policy option of developing curricula based on hate crimes will reach a far larger number of people in the state when compared to training for state prosecutors and law enforcers as it will ensure that all the residents of the state have been sensitized on the importance of reducing stigma on protect ed minority groups. This option will therefore be more effective as a large number of people will be targeted by the awareness and sensitization efforts. Key Players/ Stakeholders Client Political Feasibility High High Administrative Feasibility High Moderate Financial Feasibility Moderate High Equity Low Moderate Effectiveness High High Recommendations While all the options will effectively deal with hate crimes in New York, the option that has a high probability of dealing with hate crimes is developing protocols that will be used by state agencies and organizations that deal with hate crimes. This option is more suitable and relevant to the current situation as it will be able to reduce the incidences of hate crime currently being experienced in the state of New York. Once the protocols are implemented, they will be able to effectively reduce the incidences of hate crimes as law enforcement agencies will be equipped with the necessary investigative and reporting procedures. Argument for the Option The development protocols of protocols for state agencies and organizations concerned with hate crime victims and witnesses is the best option of dealing with hate crimes in New York as it will not require any additional resources or staff to implement. This protocol will utilize the systems that currently exist to strengthen the consistent approaches of dealing with hate crime victims and witnesses. The hate crime protocols will compliment the work being done by the state agencies and organizations by providing more tools and materials that will be used to respond to hate crimes. The protocols will be used to provide training to police officers on how they can conduct hate crime investigations and they can also be used by the state prosecutor’s office to persecute hate crime offenders in court. Argument against the Options These protocols will however take a long time to implement and operationalise because they will necessitate administ rative and organizational restructuring which will require a lot of money. They will also need to be debated on by the various stakeholders of the policy change to determine whether they can be effective in reducing the rates of hate crimes in New York. These debates might be subject to political interference where the majority vote might see the protocols not being approved at all. In the long term however, they will equip many state agencies with the proper mechanisms and tools to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes where equipping community based employees will ensure that they are able to minimize the amount of psychological trauma incurred by the victim as a result of the hate crime. Closing Summary Once the most viable and feasible options have been selected, the next step for the policy analyst will involve presenting the selected options to the various stakeholders of the policy for debate and enactment. References Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (2003). State hate crimes/statutory provisions. New York: Anti-Defamation League Barnes, A., Ephross, P.H., (1994). The impact of hate violence on victims: emotional and behavioral responses to attacks. Social Work, 39(3), 247-251 Bell, J., (2002). Policing hatred. New York: New York University Press Berk, R.A., Boyd, E.A., Hammer, K.A., (2003). Thinking more clearly about hate-motivated crimes. 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